The acanthus is one of the most common plant forms to make foliage ornament and decoration. In architecture, an ornament may be carved into stone or wood to resemble leaves from the Mediterranean species of the Acanthus genus of plants, which have deeply cut leaves with some similarity to those of the thistle and poppy.
An apron, in architecture, is a raised section of ornamental stonework below a window ledge, stone tablet, or monument. Aprons were used by Roman engineers to build Roman bridges. The main function of an apron was to surround the feet of the piers.
In classical architecture, an architrave ("door frame") is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of columns. The term can also apply to all sides, including the vertical members, of a frame with mouldings around a door or window. The word "architrave" has come to be used to refer more generally to a style of mouldings (or other elements) framing a door, window or other rectangular opening, where the horizontal "head" casing extends across the tops of the vertical side casings where the elements join.
An astragal is a convex ornamental profile that separates two architectural components in classical architecture. The name is derived from the ancient Greek astragalos which means cervical vertebra. Astragals were used for columns as well as for the moldings of the entablature.
An avant-corps, a French term literally meaning "fore-body", is a part of a building, such as a porch or pavilion, that juts out from the corps de logis, often taller than other parts of the building. It is common in façades in French Baroque architecture.
An awning or overhang is a secondary covering attached to the exterior wall of a building. It is typically composed of canvas woven of acrylic, cotton or polyester yarn, or vinyl laminated to polyester fabric that is stretched tightly over a light structure of aluminium, iron or steel, possibly wood or transparent material.
Balconet or balconette is an architectural term to describe a false balcony, or railing at the outer plane of a window-opening reaching to the floor, and having, when the window is open, the appearance of a balcony.
A baluster is a vertical moulded shaft, square, or lathe-turned form found in stairways, parapets, and other architectural features. In furniture construction it is known as a spindle. Common materials used in its construction are wood, stone, and less frequently metal and ceramic. A group of balusters supporting a handrail, coping, or ornamental detail are known as a balustrade.
A bossage is an uncut stone that is laid in place in a building, projecting outward from the building. This uncut stone is either for an ornamental purpose, creating a play of shadow and light, or for a defensive purpose, making the wall less vulnerable to attacks.
In architecture the capital (from the Latin caput, or "head") or chapiter forms the topmost member of a column (or a pilaster). It mediates between the column and the load thrusting down upon it, broadening the area of the column's supporting surface. The capital, projecting on each side as it rises to support the abacus, joins the usually square abacus and the usually circular shaft of the column.
A cartouche (also cartouch) is an oval or oblong design with a slightly convex surface, typically edged with ornamental scrollwork. It is used to hold a painted or low-relief design. Since the early 16th century, the cartouche is a scrolling frame device, derived originally from Italian cartuccia. Such cartouches are characteristically stretched, pierced and scrolling.
In architecture, a corbel is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight, a type of bracket. A corbel is a solid piece of material in the wall, whereas a console is a piece applied to the structure.
In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian cornice meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element - the cornice over a door or window, for instance, or the cornice around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior wall.
Cresting, in architecture, is ornamentation attached to the ridge of a roof, cornice, coping or parapet, usually made of a metal such as iron or copper. Cresting is associated with Second Empire architecture, where such decoration stands out against the sharp lines of the mansard roof. It became popular in the late 19th century, with mass-produced sheet metal cresting patterns available by the 1890s.
A dentil is a small block used as a repeating ornament in the bedmould of a cornice. Dentils are found in ancient Greek and Roman architecture, and also in later styles such as Neoclassical, Federal, Georgian Revival, Greek Revival, Renaissance Revival, Second Empire, and Beaux-Arts architecture.
Egg-and-dart, also known as egg-and-tongue, egg and anchor, or egg and star, is an ornamental device adorning the fundamental quarter-round, convex ovolo profile of molding, consisting of alternating details on the face of the ovolotypically an egg-shaped object alternating with a V-shaped element (e.g., an arrow, anchor, or dart). The device is carved or otherwise fashioned into ovolos composed of wood, stone, plaster, or other materials.
An epigraph is an inscription or legend that serves mainly to characterize a building, distinguishing itself from the inscription itself in that it is usually shorter and it also announces the fate of the building.
A festoon, (originally a festal garland, Latin festum, feast) is a wreath or garland hanging from two points, and in architecture typically a carved ornament depicting conventional arrangement of flowers, foliage or fruit bound together and suspended by ribbons. The motif is sometimes known as a swag when depicting fabric or linen.
A finial or hip knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature. In architecture, it is a small decorative device, employed to emphasize the apex of a dome, spire, tower, roof, gable, or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure.
The Green Man, and very occasionally the Green Woman, is a legendary being primarily interpreted as a symbol of rebirth, representing the cycle of new growth that occurs every spring. The Green Man is most commonly depicted in a sculpture or other representation of a face that is made of or completely surrounded by leaves. The Green Man motif has many variations. Branches or vines may sprout from the mouth, nostrils, or other parts of the face, and these shoots may bear flowers or fruit. Found in many cultures from many ages around the world, the Green Man is often related to natural vegetation deities. Often used as decorative architectural ornaments, Green Men are frequently found in carvings on both secular and ecclesiastical buildings.
A gutta (literally means "drops") is a small water-repelling, cone-shaped projection used near the top of the architrave of the Doric order in classical architecture. It is thought that the guttae were a skeuomorphic representation of the pegs used in the construction of the wooden structures that preceded the familiar Greek architecture in stone. However, they have some functionality, as water drips over the edges, away from the edge of the building.
A keystone is a wedge-shaped stone at the apex of a masonry arch or typically a round-shaped one at the apex of a vault. In both cases it is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch or vault to bear weight. In arches and vaults, keystones are often enlarged beyond the structural requirements and decorated. A variant in domes and crowning vaults is a lantern.
A loggia is a covered exterior corridor or porch that is part of the ground floor or can be elevated on another level. The roof is supported by columns or arches and the outer side is open to the elements.
In architecture, a mascaron ornament is a face, usually human, sometimes frightening or chimeric whose alleged function was originally to frighten away evil spirits so that they would not enter the building. The concept was subsequently adapted to become a purely decorative element. The most recent architectural styles to extensively employ mascarons were Beaux Arts and Art Nouveau.
A medallion is a carved relief in the shape of an oval or circle, used as an ornament on a building or on a monument. Medallions were mainly used in the 18th and 19th centuries as decoration on buildings. They are made of stone, wood, ceramics or metal.
A niche is a recess in the thickness of a wall. By installing a niche, the wall surface will be deeper than the rest of the wall over a certain height and width. A niche is often rectangular in shape, sometimes a niche is closed at the top with an arch, such as the round-arched friezes in a pilaster strip decoration. Niches often have a special function such as an apse or choir niche that houses an altar, or a tomb.
An oriel window is a form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. Supported by corbels, brackets, or similar cantilevers, an oriel window is most commonly found projecting from an upper floor but is also sometimes used on the ground floor.
The palmette is a motif in decorative art which, in its most characteristic expression, resembles the fan-shaped leaves of a palm tree. It has a far-reaching history, originating in ancient Egypt with a subsequent development through the art of most of Eurasia, often in forms that bear relatively little resemblance to the original. In ancient Greek and Roman uses it is also known as the anthemion. It is found in most artistic media, but especially as an architectural ornament, whether carved or painted, and painted on ceramics.
A pediment is an architectural element found particularly in Classical, Neoclassical and Baroque architecture, and its derivatives, consisting of a gable, usually of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel, or entablature, if supported by columns. The tympanum, the triangular area within the pediment, is often decorated with relief sculpture. A pediment is sometimes the top element of a portico. For symmetric designs, it provides a center point and is often used to add grandness to entrances.
In classical architecture, a pilaster is an architectural element used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. It consists of a flat surface raised from the main wall surface, usually treated as though it were a column, with a capital at the top, plinth (base) at the bottom, and the various other column elements.
A protome is a type of adornment that takes the form of the head and upper torso of either a human or an animal. Protomes were often used to decorate ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and pottery. Protomes were also used in Persian monuments.
A putto is a figure in a work of art depicted as a chubby male child, usually naked and sometimes winged. Originally limited to profane passions in symbolism, the putto came to represent the sacred cherub, and in Baroque art the putto came to represent the omnipresence of God.
Quoins are masonry blocks at the corner of a wall. Some are structural, providing strength for a wall made with inferior stone or rubble, while others merely add aesthetic detail to a corner.
A rosette is a round, stylized flower design. The rosette derives from the natural shape of the botanical rosette, formed by leaves radiating out from the stem of a plant and visible even after the flowers have withered. The rosette design is used extensively in sculptural objects from antiquity, appearing in Mesopotamia, and in funeral steles' decoration in Ancient Greece. The rosette was another important symbol of Ishtar which had originally belonged to Inanna along with the Star of Ishtar. It was adopted later in Romaneseque and Renaissance architecture, and also common in the art of Central Asia, spreading as far as India where it is used as a decorative motif in Greco-Buddhist art.
A spandrel is a roughly triangular space, usually found in pairs, between the top of an arch and a rectangular frame; between the tops of two adjacent arches or one of the four spaces between a circle within a square. They are frequently filled with decorative elements.
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are typically built of stonework or brickwork, or else of timber structure with metal cladding, ceramic tiling, shingles, or slates on the exterior.
In Classical architecture a term or terminal figure is a human head and bust that continues as a square tapering pillar-like form. In the architecture and the painted architectural decoration of the European Renaissance and the succeeding Classical styles, term figures are quite common. Often they represent minor deities associated with fields and vineyards and the edges of woodland, Pan and fauns and Bacchantes especially, and they may be draped with garlands of fruit and flowers.
Triglyph is an architectural term for the vertically channeled tablets of the Doric frieze in classical architecture, so called because of the angular channels in them. The rectangular recessed spaces between the triglyphs on a Doric frieze are called metopes. The raised spaces between the channels themselves (within a triglyph) are called femur in Latin or meros in Greek. In the strict tradition of classical architecture, a set of guttae, the six triangular "pegs" below, always go with a triglyph above (and vice versa), and the pair of features are only found in entablatures of buildings using the Doric order. The absence of the pair effectively converts a building from being in the Doric order to being in the Tuscan order.
In architecture, a turret is a small tower that projects vertically from the wall of a building such as a medieval castle. Turrets were used to provide a projecting defensive position allowing covering fire to the adjacent wall in the days of military fortification. As their military use faded, turrets were used for decorative purposes.
A tympanum (from Greek and Latin words meaning "drum") is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door or window, which is bounded by a lintel and an arch. It often contains pedimental sculpture or other imagery or ornaments. Many architectural styles include this element.
A volute is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column. It was later incorporated into Corinthian order and Composite column capitals. The word derives from the Latin voluta ("scroll").
Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. First documented in the 13th century and at the crossing of two important historic trade routes. erlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417-1701), the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1918), the German Empire (1871-1918), the Weimar Republic (1919-1933), and the Third Reich (1933-1945). Berlin in the 1920s was the third-largest municipality in the world. After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries, the city was divided; West Berlin became a de facto exclave of West Germany, surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961-1989) and East German territory. East Berlin was declared the capital of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital. Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all of Germany.
Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary. The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum, the capital of Lower Pannonia. The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century, but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241. After the reconquest of Buda from the Ottoman Empire in 1686, the region entered a new age of prosperity, with Pest-Buda becoming a global city after the unification of Buda, Óbuda, and Pest on 17 November 1873, with the name Budapest given to the new capital.
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, which stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of the estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. The City of London, its ancient core and financial center, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries. As one of the world's major global cities, London exerts a strong influence on its arts, entertainment, fashion, commerce and finance, education, health care, media, science and technology, tourism, and transport and communications.
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe`s major centers of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, science, and arts. Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine whose crest includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city.
Timişoara is the capital city of Timiş County and the main economic, social, and cultural center in western Romania. Located on the Bega River, Timişoara is considered the informal capital city of the historical Banat. Conquered in 1716 by the Austrians from the Ottoman Turks, Timişoara developed in the following centuries behind the fortifications and in the urban nuclei located around them. During the second half of the 19th century, the fortress began to lose its usefulness, due to many developments in military technology. Former bastions and military spaces were demolished and replaced with new boulevards and neighborhoods. In 1760 Timişoara was the first city in the Habsburg monarchy with street lighting and the first European city to be lit by electric street lamps in 1884
Zagreb is the capital and largest city of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from Roman times. The oldest settlement in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia, in today's čitarjevo. The name "Zagreb" is recorded in 1134, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094. Zagreb became a free royal city in 1242. The etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used for the united city only from 1852, but it had been in use as the name of the Zagreb Diocese since the 12th century and was increasingly used for the city in the 17th century.
Joseph II (13 March 1741 - 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 18 August 1765 and the sole ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 29 November 1780 until his death. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Emperor Francis I, and the brother of Marie Antoinette, Leopold II, Maria Carolina of Austria, and Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma. He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the union of the Houses of Habsburg and Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine.
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Muses are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric songs, and myths that were related orally for centuries in ancient Greek culture. Melete, Aoede, and Mneme are the original Boeotian Muses, and Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania are the nine Olympian Muses. In modern figurative usage, a Muse may be a source of artistic inspiration.
The First World War began on July 28, 1914, and lasted until November 11, 1918. It was a global war and lasted exactly 4 years, 3 months, and 2 weeks. Most of the fighting was in continental Europe. Soldiers from many countries took part, and it changed the colonial empires of the European powers. Before World War II began in 1939, World War I was called the Great War, or the World War. Other names are the Imperialist War and the Four Years' War. There were 135 countries that took part in the First World War, and nearly 10 million people died while fighting. Before the war, European countries had formed alliances to protect themselves. However, that made them divide themselves into two groups. When Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated on June 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and declared war on it. Russia then declared war on Austria-Hungary, which set off a chain of events in which members from both groups of countries declared war on each other.
The Second World War was a global war that involved fighting in most of the world. Most countries fought from 1939 to 1945, but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died, most of whom were civilians. The war included massacres, a genocide called the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.
The Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but related ethnic conflicts, wars of independence, and insurgencies that took place in the SFR Yugoslavia from 1991 to 2001. The conflicts both led up to and resulted from the breakup of Yugoslavia, which began in mid-1991, into six independent countries matching the six entities known as republics that had previously constituted Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and North Macedonia (then named Macedonia). Yugoslavia's constituent republics declared independence due to unresolved tensions between ethnic minorities in the new countries, which fuelled the wars. While most of the conflicts ended through peace accords that involved full international recognition of new states, they resulted in a massive number of deaths as well as severe economic damage to the region.
Ivan Šubašić (7 May 1892 - 22 March 1955) was a Yugoslav Croat politician, best known as the last Ban of Croatia and Prime Minister of the royalist Yugoslav Government in exile during the Second World War. He was born in Vukova Gorica, then he lived in Austria-Hungary. He finished grammar and high school in Zagreb and enrolled in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Zagreb. During the First World War, he was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army where he took part in the fighting against Serbian forces on the Drina River. The Banovina came to an end together with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, following the invasion by Axis powers in April 1941. Šubašić joined Dušan Simović and his Yugoslav government-in-exile. In emigration, Šubašić first represented the Yugoslav royal government in the United States. Gradually, the widening gap between the royalist government and the Yugoslav major resistance movement embodied in Josip Broz Tito and his Communist-dominated Partisans forced Winston Churchill to mediate. Šubašić, a non-Communist Croat, was appointed as the new prime minister to reach a compromise between Tito whose forces represented the de facto government on liberated territories, and the monarchy, which preferred Draža Mihailović and his Serb-dominated Chetniks. After publicly rejecting Mihailović, Šubašić met with Tito on the island of Vis and signed the Tito-Šubašić agreement, which recognized the Partisans as the legitimate armed forces of Yugoslavia in exchange for Partisans formally recognizing and taking part in the new government.
Szombathely, known in German as Steinamanger, is the 10th largest city in Hungary. It is the administrative center of Vas County in the west of the country, located near the border with Austria. Szombathely lies by the streams Perint and Gyöngyös (literally "pearly"), where the Alpokalja mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain. The oldest city in Hungary, Szombathely is known as the birthplace of Saint Martin of Tours. Szombathely is the oldest recorded city in Hungary. It was founded by the Romans in 45 AD under the name of Colonia Claudia Savariensum, and it was the capital of the Pannonia Superior province of the Roman Empire. It lay close to the important "Amber Road" trade route.
Gjuro Carnelutti (Gemona, Friuli, September 1, 1854 - Zagreb, January 7, 1928), Zagreb architect and builder. He studied masonry in Udine. He moved to Zagreb in 1879 and founded a construction company. He left his most significant achievements in the Lower Town, where he designed a number of buildings in the spirit of monumental historicism. His buildings are characterized by rich facades with Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque elements. So it can be said that Carnelutti is responsible for the entire views of these city squares. He built the villa of the Čubelić family and the Koenig summer house in Nazorova Street. After 1900, he devoted himself to Art Nouveau design. His contribution to the construction of the center of Koprivnica is also important, where he erected several public buildings and private houses, introducing the standard of urban architecture into provincial construction.
Josip Stiller was an architect, urban planner, and visionary whose legacy is unique Karlovac panoramas. He was of Czech origin, but not much is known about his life before his arrival in Karlovac. He came here as a young man, started his career as a construction foreman, then became a fortifications expert, and worked as a consul, a magistrate, and a judge's deputy, thus becoming a highly respected citizen. His style is reflected in the old Town Hall renovation, but he also designed and built many townhouses, constructed the extension to the Franciscan monastery, and started the construction of the Dubovac hospital. He expanded the Church of the Holy Trinity, added a whole floor to the bell tower, and started the renovation of the fire station.
Ivan Banjavčić (May 29, 1843 - October 7, 1913) was a Croatian politician and philanthropist. Born in Barilović, Banjavčić became a fervent follower of Ante Starčević of the Croatian Party of Rights and acted as the leader of the party in Karlovac. His law firm, at which the writer Ante Kovačić also worked for a period, contributed to the party's work for over three decades. From 1877 to 1906 he was Karlovac's representative in the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) as a member of the Party of Rights. Banjavčić was also the first mayor of the enlarged city of Karlovac after the municipalities of Banija and Švarča were unified. During his time as mayor, the city received an electric power plant on the Kupa River near Ozalj. A modern waterworks were created, as well as a sewer system. Banjavčić died in Heidelberg, Germany in 1913, leaving his entire estate to Matica Hrvatska.
Holjac, Janko (Zagreb, December 17, 1865 - Zagreb, July 28, 1939), architect and mayor, apart from his extensive oeuvre of public and residential buildings in Zagreb with a pronounced eclectic touch, stood out as a mayor who contributed significantly to the development of Zagreb. He studied architecture in Vienna, first at the Higher Vocational School, and then at the Academy of Fine Arts, where he graduated in 1887 in the class of Friedrich Schmidt. After working in the Viennese office of the construction consultant Ludwig Richter, he returned to Zagreb, where between 1888 and 1895 he was employed as an engineer for the construction of public buildings at the State Government. In 1897, he founded his own architectural office in Zagreb. From 1904 he was a city representative and between 1910 and 1917 the mayor of Zagreb.
The Seljan brothers are Karlovac's most famous globetrotters. Mirko Seljan was born in Karlovac on April 5, 1871, and his brother Stjepan on August 19, 1875. Having graduated from primary school, they started traveling around Europe, which would prove a valuable experience for later expeditions. In 1898, Mirko was already named a "Champion Globetrotter", for reaching Paris from St. Petersburg on foot in just 110 days. Inspired by the books on unknown parts of the world, in 1899 the brothers went to Africa. Overcoming many obstacles, they reached Abyssinia, where Emperor Menelik II made them commissioners within the state administration. The Seljan brothers explored Lake Rudolf (Turkana) and Lake Stephanie (Chew Bahir) and the surrounding areas, conducting the first geomorphological, climatological, and ethnographical explorations. Pretty soon, though, they packed their stuff and went to South America, organizing several expeditions into the uncharted territory. They were the first ones to note the exact location of the Saltos de Guairá, charting the course of several South American rivers, and documenting the important aspects of the native tribes' life. They explored the areas with gold deposits and significant concentrations of rubber trees, as well as the best modes for their exploitation in inaccessible and hostile environments. Their most important idea, connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific, via a canal that would be an extension of the Amazon, never came to fruition. The bold project was abandoned after the sudden and inexplicable death of Mirko Seljan in the Peru wilderness in 1913. In his book published in 1919, Stjepan claims Mirko was killed. Other sources mention starvation, a fight with the Indians, floods, the disappearance in the rainforest, and even a cannibal bloody feast in which the attackers drank his brains from his skull. The official cause of death has never been ascertained. After Mirko's disappearance, his younger brother moved to Brazil, where he devoted his time to manganese ore mining. He died in the town of Ouro Preto in 1936.
Ivan Ribar (23 April 1916 - 27 November 1943), known as Ivo Lola or Ivo Lolo, was a Yugoslav communist politician and military leader of Croatian descent. In the 1930s, he became one of the closest associates of Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Yugoslav Communist Party. In 1936, Ribar became secretary of the Central Committee of SKOJ (Young Communist League of Yugoslavia). During the Second World War in Yugoslavia, Ribar was among the main leaders of the Yugoslav Partisans and was a member of the Partisan Supreme Headquarters. During the war, he founded and ran several leftist youth magazines. In 1942, Ribar was among the founders of the Unified League of Anti-Fascist Youth of Yugoslavia (USAOJ). He was killed by a German bomb in 1943 near Glamoč while boarding an airplane for Cairo, where he was to become the first representative of Communist Yugoslavia to the Middle East Command. In 1944, Ribar was awarded the title of People's Hero of Yugoslavia. Lola was the older of two sons of Ivan Ribar, the first President of Yugoslavia. His brother was another People's Hero, Jurica Ribar.
Dragojla Jarnjević, (4 January 1812 in Karlovac - 12 March 1875 in Karlovac) was a Croatian poet and teacher. She became a member of the Illyrian movement and is most famous for writing about women's rights issues. She is also known for being an early mountaineer and rock climber, famous for scaling the rock of Okić.
Nikola Marić (Kostajnički Majur 1896 - Zagreb 1981) was an engineer who founded a technical business in 1932 in Karlovac, which was nationalized in 1948, after which Marić moved to Zagreb, where, among other things, he was the technical director until his retirement in 1964 Directorate for the construction of public facilities of the City of Zagreb. In Karlovac, it operates in the street Kralja Aleksandra 7 and prepares all types of construction plans and estimates, and performs all tasks from the surveying profession. It also carries out all types of construction and supervises the construction. From 1936 to 1945, Marić was the employer of Ivan Ivanko, and from 1941 to 1942 of Ladislav Sokač, both from Zagreb, from where Branko Aranjoš, employed in the family business of his father Stjepko, appeared as an associate in 1942 and 1943. The company was active in the field of residential, public, and industrial construction, and its working materials are kept in the Collection of Maps, Drawings, and Plans of the General Assembly of the Czech Republic and mainly refer to executed projects or their unexecuted versions. In the wartime 1940s, a workers' settlement was created in Drežnik, Karlovac, and unfinished workers' apartments were designed for Duga Resa in 1942.
The Holocaust, sometimes called The Shoah, was a genocide in which Nazi Germany systematically killed mainly Jews during the Second World War. Around six million Jews were killed, as well as five million others that the Nazis claimed were inferior (mainly Slavs, communists, Roma people, disabled people, homosexuals, and Jehovah's Witnesses). These people were rounded up, put in ghettos, forced to work in extermination camps, and then killed in gas chambers.
Illmitz is a market town in the district of Neusiedl am See in Burgenland in Austria. It is located in a region to the east of the Lake Neusiedl which is named the Seewinkel. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was dissolved, and Austria-Hungary was formed, with separate governments in Vienna and Budapest. After the First World War, Burgenland was named Deutsch-Westungarn (German-West Hungary) in the 1919 Treaty of St. Germain and the Treaty of Trianon and was awarded to Austria in 1919. Since 1921, the town has been part of the newly founded State of Burgenland. In December 2001, the National Park Neusiedler See-Seewinkel was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Eisenstadt is the capital city of the Austrian state of Burgenland. It's the smallest state capital and the 38th-largest city in Austria overall. It lies at the foot of the Leitha Mountains hill range. From 1648 to 1921, Kismarton/Eisenstadt was part of the Habsburg Empire's Kingdom of Hungary and the seat of the Hungarian noble family Eszterházy. During this time, the composer Joseph Haydn lived and worked in Eisenstadt as a court musician under the patronage of the Esterházy family. After the cessation of Burgenland to Austria in 1921, the city became the province's capital in 1925. As the state capital of Burgenland, it functions as a center of public administration and services and is the seat of three institutes of higher education.
Košice is the largest city in eastern Slovakia. It is situated on the river Hornád at the eastern reaches of the Slovak Ore Mountains, near the border with Hungary. Košice is the second-largest city in Slovakia, after the capital Bratislava. Being the economic and cultural centre of eastern Slovakia, Košice is the seat of the Košice Region and Košice Self-governing Region and is home to the Slovak Constitutional Court, three universities, various dioceses, and many museums, galleries, and theatres. In 2013 Košice was the European Capital of Culture, together with Marseille, France. Košice is an important industrial centre of Slovakia, and the U.S. Steel Košice steel mill is the largest employer in the city. The city has a preserved historical centre which is the largest among Slovak towns. There are heritage-protected buildings in Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Art Nouveau styles with Slovakia's largest church, the Cathedral of St. Elizabeth. The long main street, rimmed with aristocratic palaces, Catholic churches, and townsfolk's houses, is a thriving pedestrian zone with boutiques, cafés, and restaurants. The city is known as the first settlement in Europe to be granted its own coat of arms.
Leibnitz is a city in Austria in the province of Styria. The establishment of the Republic of Austria and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the establishment of the new border meant that a Slovenian population group in the Leibnitz district now came under Austrian authority. Only after the Second World War was the Austrian State Treaty imposing an obligation to guarantee certain minority rights. However, this is not implemented in the state of Styria. There are several sights to see in Leibnitz and the surrounding area, including the Roman settlement of Flavia Solva. Near Leibnitz is Seggau Castle, which was started in the 12th century by the Archbishop of Salzburg Conrad I. It came in the 16th century to the newly founded diocese of Seckau, the predecessor of the current diocese of Graz-Seckau.
