The acanthus is one of the most common plant forms to make foliage ornament and decoration. In architecture, an ornament may be carved into stone or wood to resemble leaves from the Mediterranean species of the Acanthus genus of plants, which have deeply cut leaves with some similarity to those of the thistle and poppy.
An acroterion is an architectural ornament placed on a flat pedestal called the acroter or plinth and mounted at the apex or corner of a pediment or tympanum of a building in the classical style. The acroterion may take a wide variety of forms, such as a statue, tripod, disc, urn, palmette, or some other sculpted feature. Acroteria are also found in Gothic architecture. They are sometimes incorporated into furniture designs.
The alfiz (meaning the container) is an architectonic adornment, consisting of a moulding, usually a rectangular panel, which encloses the outward side of an arch. It is an architectonic ornament of Etruscan origin, used in Visigothic, Asturian, Moorish, Mozarabic, Mudéjar and Isabelline Gothic architecture.
An apron, in architecture, is a raised section of ornamental stonework below a window ledge, stone tablet, or monument. Aprons were used by Roman engineers to build Roman bridges. The main function of an apron was to surround the feet of the piers.
An arcade is a succession of contiguous arches, with each arch supported by a colonnade of columns or piers. Exterior arcades are designed to provide a sheltered walkway for pedestrians. The walkway may be lined with retail stores. An arcade may feature arches on both sides of the walkway. Alternatively, a blind arcade superimposes arcading against a solid wall.
In classical architecture, an architrave ("door frame") is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of columns. The term can also apply to all sides, including the vertical members, of a frame with mouldings around a door or window. The word "architrave" has come to be used to refer more generally to a style of mouldings (or other elements) framing a door, window or other rectangular opening, where the horizontal "head" casing extends across the tops of the vertical side casings where the elements join.
An astragal is a convex ornamental profile that separates two architectural components in classical architecture. The name is derived from the ancient Greek astragalos which means cervical vertebra. Astragals were used for columns as well as for the moldings of the entablature.
In European architectural sculpture, an atlas (also known as an atlant, or atlante) is a support sculpted in the form of a man, which may take the place of a column, a pier or a pilaster. The term atlantes is the Greek plural of the name Atlasthe Titan who was forced to hold the sky on his shoulders for eternity. The alternative term, telamones, also is derived from a later mythological hero, Telamon, one of the Argonauts, who was the father of Ajax.
An auditorium is a room built to enable an audience to hear and watch performances. For movie theatres, the number of auditoria (or auditoriums) is expressed as the number of screens. Auditoria can be found in entertainment venues, community halls, and theaters, and may be used for rehearsal, presentation, performing arts productions, or as a learning space.
An avant-corps, a French term literally meaning "fore-body", is a part of a building, such as a porch or pavilion, that juts out from the corps de logis, often taller than other parts of the building. It is common in façades in French Baroque architecture.
An awning or overhang is a secondary covering attached to the exterior wall of a building. It is typically composed of canvas woven of acrylic, cotton or polyester yarn, or vinyl laminated to polyester fabric that is stretched tightly over a light structure of aluminium, iron or steel, possibly wood or transparent material.
Balconet or balconette is an architectural term to describe a false balcony, or railing at the outer plane of a window-opening reaching to the floor, and having, when the window is open, the appearance of a balcony.
A baluster is a vertical moulded shaft, square, or lathe-turned form found in stairways, parapets, and other architectural features. In furniture construction it is known as a spindle. Common materials used in its construction are wood, stone, and less frequently metal and ceramic. A group of balusters supporting a handrail, coping, or ornamental detail are known as a balustrade.
Bargeboard is a board fastened to the projecting gables of a roof to give them strength, protection, and to conceal the otherwise exposed end of the horizontal timbers or purlins of the roof to which they were attached. Bargeboards are sometimes moulded only or carved, but as a rule the lower edges were cusped and had tracery in the spandrels besides being otherwise elaborated.
A bossage is an uncut stone that is laid in place in a building, projecting outward from the building. This uncut stone is either for an ornamental purpose, creating a play of shadow and light, or for a defensive purpose, making the wall less vulnerable to attacks.
In architecture the capital (from the Latin caput, or "head") or chapiter forms the topmost member of a column (or a pilaster). It mediates between the column and the load thrusting down upon it, broadening the area of the column's supporting surface. The capital, projecting on each side as it rises to support the abacus, joins the usually square abacus and the usually circular shaft of the column.
A cartouche (also cartouch) is an oval or oblong design with a slightly convex surface, typically edged with ornamental scrollwork. It is used to hold a painted or low-relief design. Since the early 16th century, the cartouche is a scrolling frame device, derived originally from Italian cartuccia. Such cartouches are characteristically stretched, pierced and scrolling.
In architecture, a corbel is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight, a type of bracket. A corbel is a solid piece of material in the wall, whereas a console is a piece applied to the structure.
In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian cornice meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element - the cornice over a door or window, for instance, or the cornice around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior wall.
Cresting, in architecture, is ornamentation attached to the ridge of a roof, cornice, coping or parapet, usually made of a metal such as iron or copper. Cresting is associated with Second Empire architecture, where such decoration stands out against the sharp lines of the mansard roof. It became popular in the late 19th century, with mass-produced sheet metal cresting patterns available by the 1890s.
A dentil is a small block used as a repeating ornament in the bedmould of a cornice. Dentils are found in ancient Greek and Roman architecture, and also in later styles such as Neoclassical, Federal, Georgian Revival, Greek Revival, Renaissance Revival, Second Empire, and Beaux-Arts architecture.
Egg-and-dart, also known as egg-and-tongue, egg and anchor, or egg and star, is an ornamental device adorning the fundamental quarter-round, convex ovolo profile of molding, consisting of alternating details on the face of the ovolotypically an egg-shaped object alternating with a V-shaped element (e.g., an arrow, anchor, or dart). The device is carved or otherwise fashioned into ovolos composed of wood, stone, plaster, or other materials.
An epigraph is an inscription or legend that serves mainly to characterize a building, distinguishing itself from the inscription itself in that it is usually shorter and it also announces the fate of the building.
A festoon, (originally a festal garland, Latin festum, feast) is a wreath or garland hanging from two points, and in architecture typically a carved ornament depicting conventional arrangement of flowers, foliage or fruit bound together and suspended by ribbons. The motif is sometimes known as a swag when depicting fabric or linen.
A finial or hip knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature. In architecture, it is a small decorative device, employed to emphasize the apex of a dome, spire, tower, roof, gable, or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure.
The Green Man, and very occasionally the Green Woman, is a legendary being primarily interpreted as a symbol of rebirth, representing the cycle of new growth that occurs every spring. The Green Man is most commonly depicted in a sculpture or other representation of a face that is made of or completely surrounded by leaves. The Green Man motif has many variations. Branches or vines may sprout from the mouth, nostrils, or other parts of the face, and these shoots may bear flowers or fruit. Found in many cultures from many ages around the world, the Green Man is often related to natural vegetation deities. Often used as decorative architectural ornaments, Green Men are frequently found in carvings on both secular and ecclesiastical buildings.
A gutta (literally means "drops") is a small water-repelling, cone-shaped projection used near the top of the architrave of the Doric order in classical architecture. It is thought that the guttae were a skeuomorphic representation of the pegs used in the construction of the wooden structures that preceded the familiar Greek architecture in stone. However, they have some functionality, as water drips over the edges, away from the edge of the building.
A keystone is a wedge-shaped stone at the apex of a masonry arch or typically a round-shaped one at the apex of a vault. In both cases it is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch or vault to bear weight. In arches and vaults, keystones are often enlarged beyond the structural requirements and decorated. A variant in domes and crowning vaults is a lantern.
A loggia is a covered exterior corridor or porch that is part of the ground floor or can be elevated on another level. The roof is supported by columns or arches and the outer side is open to the elements.
A lunette is a half-moon-shaped architectural space, variously filled with sculpture, painted, glazed, filled with recessed masonry, or void. A lunette may also be segmental, and the arch may be an arc taken from an oval. A lunette window is commonly called a half-moon window, or fanlight when bars separating its panes fan out radially.
In architecture, a mascaron ornament is a face, usually human, sometimes frightening or chimeric whose alleged function was originally to frighten away evil spirits so that they would not enter the building. The concept was subsequently adapted to become a purely decorative element. The most recent architectural styles to extensively employ mascarons were Beaux Arts and Art Nouveau.
A medallion is a carved relief in the shape of an oval or circle, used as an ornament on a building or on a monument. Medallions were mainly used in the 18th and 19th centuries as decoration on buildings. They are made of stone, wood, ceramics or metal.
A niche is a recess in the thickness of a wall. By installing a niche, the wall surface will be deeper than the rest of the wall over a certain height and width. A niche is often rectangular in shape, sometimes a niche is closed at the top with an arch, such as the round-arched friezes in a pilaster strip decoration. Niches often have a special function such as an apse or choir niche that houses an altar, or a tomb.
An oriel window is a form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. Supported by corbels, brackets, or similar cantilevers, an oriel window is most commonly found projecting from an upper floor but is also sometimes used on the ground floor.
The palmette is a motif in decorative art which, in its most characteristic expression, resembles the fan-shaped leaves of a palm tree. It has a far-reaching history, originating in ancient Egypt with a subsequent development through the art of most of Eurasia, often in forms that bear relatively little resemblance to the original. In ancient Greek and Roman uses it is also known as the anthemion. It is found in most artistic media, but especially as an architectural ornament, whether carved or painted, and painted on ceramics.
Panoply, in the art of the Renaissance and Baroque, a decorative composition of elements of antique military armor, shields, weapons and banners. Originally, this word was used to refer to the armament of the Greek hoplites. The complete armament of the Greek hoplite, called panoplia, consisted of greaves, armor, with an inner and outer belt, a sword hanging on the left side, a round shield, a helmet and a spear.
A pediment is an architectural element found particularly in Classical, Neoclassical and Baroque architecture, and its derivatives, consisting of a gable, usually of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel, or entablature, if supported by columns. The tympanum, the triangular area within the pediment, is often decorated with relief sculpture. A pediment is sometimes the top element of a portico. For symmetric designs, it provides a center point and is often used to add grandness to entrances.
In classical architecture, a pilaster is an architectural element used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. It consists of a flat surface raised from the main wall surface, usually treated as though it were a column, with a capital at the top, plinth (base) at the bottom, and the various other column elements.
A protome is a type of adornment that takes the form of the head and upper torso of either a human or an animal. Protomes were often used to decorate ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and pottery. Protomes were also used in Persian monuments.
A putto is a figure in a work of art depicted as a chubby male child, usually naked and sometimes winged. Originally limited to profane passions in symbolism, the putto came to represent the sacred cherub, and in Baroque art the putto came to represent the omnipresence of God.
Quoins are masonry blocks at the corner of a wall. Some are structural, providing strength for a wall made with inferior stone or rubble, while others merely add aesthetic detail to a corner.
A rosette is a round, stylized flower design. The rosette derives from the natural shape of the botanical rosette, formed by leaves radiating out from the stem of a plant and visible even after the flowers have withered. The rosette design is used extensively in sculptural objects from antiquity, appearing in Mesopotamia, and in funeral steles' decoration in Ancient Greece. The rosette was another important symbol of Ishtar which had originally belonged to Inanna along with the Star of Ishtar. It was adopted later in Romaneseque and Renaissance architecture, and also common in the art of Central Asia, spreading as far as India where it is used as a decorative motif in Greco-Buddhist art.
A spandrel is a roughly triangular space, usually found in pairs, between the top of an arch and a rectangular frame; between the tops of two adjacent arches or one of the four spaces between a circle within a square. They are frequently filled with decorative elements.
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are typically built of stonework or brickwork, or else of timber structure with metal cladding, ceramic tiling, shingles, or slates on the exterior.
The term stained glass refers to colored glass as a material and to works created from it. Throughout its thousand-year history, the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches and other significant religious buildings. Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculptures.
A sunroom, also frequently called a solarium, is a room that permits abundant daylight and views of the landscape while sheltering from adverse weather. Solaria of various forms have been erected throughout European history.
In Classical architecture a term or terminal figure is a human head and bust that continues as a square tapering pillar-like form. In the architecture and the painted architectural decoration of the European Renaissance and the succeeding Classical styles, term figures are quite common. Often they represent minor deities associated with fields and vineyards and the edges of woodland, Pan and fauns and Bacchantes especially, and they may be draped with garlands of fruit and flowers.
Triglyph is an architectural term for the vertically channeled tablets of the Doric frieze in classical architecture, so called because of the angular channels in them. The rectangular recessed spaces between the triglyphs on a Doric frieze are called metopes. The raised spaces between the channels themselves (within a triglyph) are called femur in Latin or meros in Greek. In the strict tradition of classical architecture, a set of guttae, the six triangular "pegs" below, always go with a triglyph above (and vice versa), and the pair of features are only found in entablatures of buildings using the Doric order. The absence of the pair effectively converts a building from being in the Doric order to being in the Tuscan order.
In architecture, a turret is a small tower that projects vertically from the wall of a building such as a medieval castle. Turrets were used to provide a projecting defensive position allowing covering fire to the adjacent wall in the days of military fortification. As their military use faded, turrets were used for decorative purposes.
A tympanum (from Greek and Latin words meaning "drum") is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door or window, which is bounded by a lintel and an arch. It often contains pedimental sculpture or other imagery or ornaments. Many architectural styles include this element.
A volute is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column. It was later incorporated into Corinthian order and Composite column capitals. The word derives from the Latin voluta ("scroll").
Andreas Gries was born in 1843 in Kaiserebersdorf, today a district of Vienna. In 1881 he set out on a journey through the Danube principalities and stayed in Bulgaria. Prince Ferdinand appointed him court decorator. Together with his son Edmund he carved sculptures and carved wooden sculptures.
Anton Mladenov Tornyov is a Bulgarian architect, among the pioneers of the national romantic trend in the Bulgarian post-liberation architecture. He was born on May 7, 1868 in Lom. In 1895 he graduated in architecture in Stuttgart. From 1896 to 1900 he collaborated with the architect Friedrich Grunanger. In 1900 - 1905 he worked in Ruse and Silistra, and from 1915 to 1942 he was an architect in private practice. In his projects he uses elements and forms of the Bulgarian architectural heritage. At his initiative, a special unit was created to study local architectural traditions and forms. It operates under the Ministry of Public Buildings, Roads and Public Works. He died on June 13, 1942.
Antonin Kolar came to Bulgaria right after the countrys liberation in 1878, though before that he lived in Bucharest for a year, and there he met and worked with another Czech, Jiří Proek. Architect Kolars arrival in Sofia in 1878 marked the start of modern town planning. But he also designed a great many of the citys emblematic spaces and buildings, like the Central Railway Station, the City Gardens, the monument to Vassil Levski, the Ministry of War and the Officers Club, the Military Academy, and many more.
Dimitar Tsolov Marinov is a Bulgarian architect, corresponding member of the BAS. Architect Dimitar M. Tsolov was born on July 28, 1896 in Oryahovo. He graduated from high school in the city of Pleven in 1915. He participated in the First World War. He went to Vienna in 1921 to study at the Academy of Arts. He transferred to study architecture in Munich. After returning to Bulgaria in 1925, he established an architectural practice in Sofia. Here he began working in partnership with architect Ivan Vasiliev. They were brought together by their native Oryahovo, where they both come from, and founded the architectural bureau "Vasilov - Tsolov". In the architectural bureau "Vasilov-Tsolov" the two incumbents enter with equal rights and obligations. The names of both are associated with the construction of buildings without which the architectural environment of the capital is unthinkable. Architect Tsolov is a teacher of the first student architects at the State Polytechnic and head of the "Residential Buildings" department
Dimo Todorov Nichev (1876 - 1952) was a Bulgarian architect who, together with Georgi Fingov, Nikola Yurukov, Georgi Apostolov, designed a large number of public, school and residential buildings in Sofia, which still define the appearance of the capital.
Emil von Förster (born October 18, 1838 in Vienna, died February 14, 1909 there) - Austrian architect, builder of the Ringtheater and Palais Dorotheum in Vienna and the Polish Theater in Bielsko-Biała. He took part in a competition for a theater project in Krakow. He was the son of the architect Ludwig Förster and the brother of Heinrich von Förster, and his sister Sophie married the architect Theophil von Hansen. He died in the Palais Angerer he designed.
Ferdinand Fellner (19 April 1847 - 22 March 1916) was an Austrian architect. Fellner joined his ailing father's architecture firm at the age of nineteen. After his death he founded the architecture studio Fellner & Helmer together with Hermann Helmer in 1873.
Friedrich Grünanger (25 January 1856 - 14 December 1929) was a Transylvanian Austrian architect who worked primarily in Bulgaria. Born in Schäßburg in Austria-Hungary (today Sighişoara in Romania), Grünanger studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna architecture school between 1877 and 1879, under Friedrich von Schmidt.
Friedrich Lehmann, also Fritz Lehmann, (July 18, 1889, Schluckenau - October 26, 1957, Vienna) was a German-Bohemian architect, university lecturer and architecture critic. Friedrich Lehmann attended high school in Tetschen and studied architecture at the German Technical University in Prague from 1910 to 1914. Lehmann's architectural style was influenced by Art Deco in the 1920s, and he then advocated functionalism. He was an architect of various insurance buildings and banks in Czechoslovakia, he designed the Prague Hotel Esplanade and also created tombstones, mainly for graves in the ikov Jewish Cemetery. Lehmann was not directly a victim of the expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia in 1945, but went to Vienna in 1946 and was unable to return after the communist takeover. In 1946 Lehmann became a professor for building theory at the Technical University of Vienna.
Georgi Apostolov Georgiev is a Bulgarian architect. He was born on April 2, 1891 in Svishtov. In 1912 he graduated from the Munich Higher Technical School of Architecture. His work includes public buildings, including the building of the Commercial Bank (together with the architects Georgi Fingov and Dimo Nichev, 1921), the Chamber of Commerce (1922), the Slavyanska Beseda Hotel (1935). He died on December 20, 1967 in Sofia.
Lazar Parashkevanov was a Bulgarian architect. Lazar Parashkevanov was born on September 20, 1890 in the village of Hotnitsa, then the Principality of Bulgaria. He participated in the Balkan Wars (1912 - 1913) and the First World War (1914 - 1918), after which he graduated in engineering and architecture in Prague (1920). Parashkevanov is close to the leader of the Bulgarian Agricultural People's Union (BAZNS) and Prime Minister Alexander Stamboliyski, who commissioned him to design a building for the Union Agricultural House between Vrabcha Street and Dondukov Blvd. in Sofia. After a series of revisions, the project was realized in the mid-1950s. Apart from the BZNS, the building is also used by the National Opera. Among Parashkevanov's projects are the first housing cooperatives in Sofia in the 1920s, as well as the Georgi Asparuhov - Gerena stadium in 1963. He died on October 1, 1977 in Sofia and was buried in the Central Sofia Cemetery.
Ludwig Richter was an Austrian architect. Ludwig Richter was the son of a building supervisor. From 1874 to 1877 he attended the civil engineering school of the Technical University of Vienna with Heinrich von Ferstel and Karl König. He then studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna with Theophil von Hansen from 1877 to 1879. Richter made study trips to many European countries and also to North America. In 1880 he began to work as an independent architect. In 1911 he became a Knight of the Order of the Iron Crown III. class (but without elevation to the nobility), 1913 Oberbaurat.
Lyuben Dimitrov is a Bulgarian sculptor and folk artist. He is defined as the successor of the sculptors Marin Vasilev and Lyubomir Dalchev, and is considered one of the pioneers of decorative-monumental sculpture in Bulgarian art. In 1930, he graduated from the Academy of Arts, majoring in sculpture, in the class of Prof. Ivan Lazarov. In 1931 he became one of the co-founders of the Society of New Artists; is also a member of the "Native Art" society. Since 1939, he has been running a studio for artistic marble, and since 1954, he has been teaching decorative-monumental sculpture at the Academy. He has been an associate professor since 1964, and a professor since 1969.
Lyuben Stefanov Konstantinov is a Bulgarian architect. He was born on May 30, 1907 in Svishtov. In 1933 he graduated in architecture in Dresden. From 1934 to 1939 he worked in Turkey and Iran. In the period 1939 - 1940 he worked in the Ministry of Public Buildings, Roads and Public Works.
Mariano Pernigoni is an Italian architect with an extremely large contribution to the architectural construction of the city of Plovdiv. Architect Pernigoni was born in 1857 in Florence, Italy. He came to Bulgaria after the Liberation, at the invitation of the Catholic Church, most likely to build Catholic colleges. There are traces of his work in several, among which are Plovdiv, Sofia, Ruse, and Varna. Mariano Pernigoni died in 1938, at the age of 81.
Martin Dülfer (1 January 1859, Breslau - 21 December 1942, Dresden) was a German architect and Professor; best known for designing theatres in the Historical and Art-Nouveau styles. His career began in 1887; creating designs in the prevailing Neo-Baroque style. Around 1900, he turned to Art-Nouveau; designing mostly apartments and commercial buildings. During this period, he built his first theatre, in Meran, soon followed by four more. Several other designs were created for project competitions, some of which received first place, but they were never implemented due to financial or political issues.
Naum Nikolov (Nikolchov) Torbov is a prominent Bulgarian architect who designed the building of the Central Halls in the Bulgarian capital Sofia. Naum Torbov was born in the large Macedonian Wallachian village of Gopesh, Bitola, then in the Ottoman Empire, today in Northern Macedonia. First cousin is with the father of Professor Tseko Torbov. His family emigrated to Bulgaria and settled in the town of Oryahovo, and Naum was sent to study architecture in Romania, at the Bucharest Institute of Fine Arts. After graduating in 1904, Torbov returned to Bulgaria and began working in Sofia at the Ministry of Public Buildings, Roads and Public Works.
Nikola Ivanov Lazarov (1 April 1870 - 14 June 1942) was a Bulgarian architect. Lazarov was born in the sub-Balkan town of Karlovo, then part of the Ottoman Empire. He graduated from the Faculty of Architecture as a state scholarship holder in Paris. Shortly after graduating, he opened a private architectural office in Sofia. He has designed more than 60 magnificent buildings in Sofia and many cities across the country.
Nikola Nikolov is a Bulgarian architect. Born on January 26, 1924 in Nova Zagora. He graduated in Architecture at the Higher Technical School in Sofia in April 1949. The period of his apprenticeship continued until 1956, successively with architect Georgi Ovcharov and architect Ivan Vasiliev. His independent architectural practice began in 1957, when he became the chief architect of the future resort complex Sunny Beach near Nessebar. Until the end of his life in 1996, architect Nikolov was the author of a number of both architectural and urban planning projects. He worked on the master plan of Sunny Beach, the restoration of the medieval appearance of Nessebar, the central part of Veliko Tarnovo and the central part of Sofia.
Nikola Lazarov Yurukov (1880-1923) is a prominent Bulgarian architect and revolutionary, activist of the Internal Macedonian-Edirne Revolutionary Organization and the Macedonian Federal Organization. He received his high school education in Plovdiv. In 1901 he graduated in architecture from the Higher Technical School in Vienna. Together with Georgi Fingov and Dimo Nichev he founded the architectural bureau Fingov-Nichev-Yurukov, which in 1911-1912 won numerous competitions for the design and construction of school and administrative buildings in Sofia and Plovdiv.
Peter Paul Brang (April 27, 1852 Bucharest - March 27, 1925 Vienna) was an architect from Transylvania who worked in Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania. Brang was born in the Romanian capital Bucharest as the son of a building contractor from Kronstadt in the Hungarian Transylvania (now Braşov / Romania). He first attended the construction and engineering school in Vienna and studied architecture from 1874 to 1876 under Theophil von Hansen at a special school of the Academy of Fine Arts. In 1879 he received the concession as a Viennese city architect. He also worked as an expert and appraiser for architecture and building construction at the Regional Court for Criminal Matters Vienna.
Petko Ivanov Momchilov is a Bulgarian architect. Petko Momchilov was born on October 2, 1864 in the town of Gorna Oryahovitsa. The family belongs to the famous educator Ivan Momchilov, who founded the Elena Teacher's Foundry. His projects are the high schools in Lovech, Veliko Tarnovo and Plovdiv, the Sliven Mineral Baths, the Bulgarian National Bank, the Central Sofia Prison, the Alexandrovska Hospital, the Mother's Home in Sofia and many others. Petko Momchilov was the first honorary citizen of Gorna Oryahovitsa (1898).
Pierre-Jean de Béranger (19 August 1780 - 16 July 1857) was a prolific French poet and chansonnier, who enjoyed great popularity and influence in France during his lifetime but faded into obscurity in the decades following his death. He has been described as "the most popular French songwriter of all time" and "the first superstar of French popular music". Some newspapers from Malaysia and Seychelles mention that he was the retrospective composer of Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan, the anthem of the Malaysian state of Perak; the Indonesian folk song Terang Bulan and the national anthem of Malaysia, Negaraku. But there is an argument on whether he ever wrote any melody throughout his life.
Sava Dimov Ovcharov is a Bulgarian architect. He was born on March 29, 1892 in Kalofer. In 1914 he graduated in architecture in Vienna. He participated as a volunteer in the Balkan War, and then in the First World War. From 1918 to 1920, he worked in the Sofia City Municipality. In the period 1920-1948, he worked in private practice together with arch. Yordan Yordanov. In 1926, their team won the architectural competition organized by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences for the extension of the Academy building. Since 1950, he has been the head of a studio in the design organization "Glavproekt" in Sofia. Died September 5, 1964.
Stancho Belkovski, was born as Stancho Iliev Belkovski on August 11, 1891, Sofia, was a Bulgarian architect. Belkovski is among the prominent names in the history of the Bulgarian architecture from the beginning and the middle of the 20th century. Some of the landmarks of Sofia were designed by him or with his participation most notably the complex Bulgaria at the city centre with a hotel, restaurant and a concert hall. He was the first elected rector (194445) of the newly founded Higher Technical School in Sofia which is the predecessor of the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy. Belkovski died in a train crash during a business trip in 1962 near the city of Kraków, Poland.
Stefan Djakov was a Bulgarian architect. Stefan Djakov was born in 1867 in the town of Karlovo. He graduated from the Military Academy in Sofia with a degree in mining and pontoon construction. From 1897 he studied at the Higher Technical School in Munich. In Sofia he started working as an architect in the Ministry of Defense. In 1911 he won the competition for the Halls in Plovdiv in place of the ancient Kurshum Khan. They also assigned him the construction, but the wars thwarted the realization. There are awards and orders for participation in three wars.
Todor Goranov is a Bulgarian architect, who was born on October 29, 1890, in Sofia. From 1909 until 1915 he studied at the Technical University of Munich. His studies were interrupted by his participation in the Balkan War. He completed his education with honors, together with Boris Rusev, with whom he founded a joint studio. He graduated from Lieutenant Colonel Boris Drangov's School for Reserve Officers and participated in the First World War. He worked in the Metropolitan Municipality from 1918 until 1920. He worked in a private architectural office, together with architect Boris Rusev, in Sofia from 1921 until 1933. In 1934, he became the head of the Architectural Department at the Metropolitan Municipality. His main task is to organize the planned construction of Sofia and prepare the creation of the first comprehensive urban planning plan for the capital. Honorary citizen of Sofia, awarded with an honorary badge in 1959. He died on February 9, 1962, in Sofia.
Todor Hristov Zlatev is a Bulgarian architect. He was born in 1885 in Berkovitsa. He graduated in architecture at the Munich Technical School. From 1911 to 1922 he was an architect in the Railway Maintenance Department, and from 1922 to 1945 he was a freelance architect. Since 1945 he has been a professor at the Faculty of Architecture at the Higher Technical School in Sofia.
Viktor Rumpelmayer (7 November 1830 - 14 June 1885, in Vienna) was a 19th-century Austro-Hungarian architect, whose style was a combination of French and Italian influences and the Viennese trends characteristic of the period. He is regarded as one of the most eminent Central European architects of his time. Born in Preßburg, Hungary (Pozsony, today Bratislava, Slovakia), Rumpelmayer worked not only in his home country but also in Bulgaria, where he designed and constructed the Neo-Baroque royal palace of Bulgaria (today the National Art Gallery) and Knyaz Alexander Battenberg's summer palace Euxinograd, on the Black Sea coast. Among his other works are a number of palaces for well-known members of the nobility, the British embassy in Vienna with Christ Church, the German embassy in Vienna the Portuguese pavilion at the Paris Exposition Universelle (1900), among other prominent commissions Rumpelmayer also redesigned the Festetics Palace in Keszthely, Hungary.
Yanaki Nikolov Shamardzhiev is a Bulgarian architect. He was born on May 11, 1864 in Shumen. In 1885 he graduated with honors from the State Real High School in Varna. He then worked as a calligrapher. He was sent on a state scholarship to study medicine in Ghent, Belgium. Coincidentally, his friend Marin Rusev was sent to study architecture and has a penchant for medicine. The two exchange their scholarships. In 1899 he graduated as an engineer-architect.
Yordan Milanov (18671932) was a Bulgarian architect. Milanov was one of the leading Bulgarian architects from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His works are among the most popular landmarks of the city center of Sofia, most notably St. Sedmochislenitsi Church and the Synodal Palace which were both designed in cooperation with Petko Momchilov.
Yordan Dimitrov Yordanov is a Bulgarian architect. He was born on October 28, 1888 in Sliven. In 1911 he graduated in architecture at the Munich Polytechnic. From 1911 to 1915, he worked in the General Directorate of Railway and Port Construction. In 1915, he entered the School for Reserve Officers in Kniazhevo and during the First World War he was sent to the front. He was awarded two soldiers' and one officer's Cross for Bravery. After demobilization, he returned to work in the Main Directorate of Railway and Port Construction. In the period 1920 - 1948, he worked in private practice in collaboration with architect Sava Ovcharov. He was elected vice-president of the Bulgarian Engineering-Architectural Society and editor of the magazine it publishes. In 1931-1933 he was the chairman of the Society of Bulgarian Architects. Died January 26, 1969.
Georgi Dimitrov Fingov (18741944) was a Bulgarian architect who designed a large number of public, school and residential buildings, mainly in Sofia and Plovdiv. He was among the first architects in Bulgaria to use elements of Art Nouveau, mainly as ornaments in buildings. The architect Dimitar Fingov is his son.
Georgi Balkanov Kunev was a Bulgarian architect. He was born in 1874 in General Toshevo. He graduated from the School of Applied Arts in Vienna, and in 1901 graduated as an architect at the Higher School of Civil Engineering in Karlsruhe, Germany. He is an assistant professor of classical architecture under Professor Durm. He began his design work in the private studio of Professor Durm, and later developed in St. Petersburg.
Heinrich Jakob Meyer is a Swiss architect. He was born on December 24, 1856 in Friborg, Switzerland. In 1876 he graduated from the Polytechnic of Zurich, and in 1880 - 1883, the Higher School in Stuttgart and the School of Fine Arts in Paris. In the period 1878 - 1895 he worked in Bulgaria. He is a representative of Western European architectural traditionalism. He builds mostly public buildings with symmetrical planning solutions and neoclassical facade decoration, he is a specialist in bank buildings. In 1886, together with the architect Nikola Lazarov, he participated in the completion of the Euxinograd Palace. In 1888 he won a competition for a building of the Bulgarian National Bank in Sofia, which was being built in the period 1889 - 1895. He died on June 21, 1930.
Hermann Gottlieb Helmer (13 July 1849 - 2 April 1919) was a German architect who mainly worked in Austria. After completing an apprenticeship as a bricklayer, and some further education he joined the architecture firm of Ferdinand Fellner. After his death he founded the architecture studio Fellner & Helmer together with his son Ferdinand Fellner in 1873.
Ivan Petrov Danchov is a Bulgarian architect who was born on March 17, 1893, in Sofia. He designed a large number of public, industrial, and residential buildings in the first half of the 20th century. From 1911 he studied architecture at the Polytechnic of Berlin-Charlottenburg, but interrupted his studies during the wars (1912-1918) and graduated only in 1922. He graduated from the Military School (1912) in Sofia. After his return, he worked in the main directorate of the Bulgarian State Railways (1922-1925) and as a technical supervisor during the reconstruction of the National Theater and during the construction of the Shipka monument He led the team that designed the reconstruction of the center of Sofia in the early 1950s. Head of the studio in the Central Architectural Design Organization, formed after the nationalization of the private design offices in Sofia, and its first director. Ivan Danchov died on September 16, 1972, in Sofia.
Ivan Tsokov Vasiliev is a Bulgarian architect. Architect Ivan Vasiliev was born on February 28, 1893 in Oryahovo. He finished high school in Sofia. He went to Munich in 1911 to study painting. In 1914 he transferred to study architecture at the Polytechnic Institute in Karlsruhe. He graduated in architecture in 1918. After returning to Bulgaria, he started working together with architect Stancho Belkovski. In 1925, he worked in partnership with architect Dimitar Tsolov. They were brought together by their native Oryahovo, where they both come from, and founded the architectural bureau "Vasilov - Tsolov". In the architectural bureau "Vasilov-Tsolov" the two incumbents enter with equal rights and obligations. The names of both are associated with the construction of buildings without which the architectural environment of the capital is unthinkable.
Josef Frantiek Prošek (March 17, 1861 in Beraun, Bohemia - 1928) was a Czech architect and geometer who spent many years in Bulgaria. He is the brother of Václav Prošek and the cousin of Jiří Prošek and Theodor Prošek. All four came from Beroun, 30 km southwest of Prague. From 1880 to 1881 Josef Prošek studied at the Czech Polytechnic in Prague. His cousin Jiří Prošek came to the Balkans as a railway engineer as early as 1870 and was heavily involved in the Bulgarians' national liberation struggle. After the end of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877/78, which ended with the liberation of Bulgaria, Josef Prošek stayed in Sofia for the first time from 1878 to 1880.
Kiril (Kiro) Hristov Marichkov (1875-1922) was a Bulgarian architect. He is the author of many residential buildings, of the Imperial Hotel with a bar-variety, of the income building of Yanko Bakardzhiev at 4 Lege Street (1922) in Sofia and others. His grandson is the musician Kiril Marichkov.
Aix-en-Provence, or simply Aix, is a city and commune in southern France. Aix was founded in 123 BC by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus, who gave his name to its springs, following the destruction of the nearby Gallic oppidum at Entremont. In 102 BC its vicinity was the scene of the Battle of Aquae Sextiae, where the Romans under Gaius Marius defeated the Ambrones and Teutones, with mass suicides among the captured women, which passed into Roman legends of Germanic heroism.
Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state. It was a centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, and the home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum. It is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continentparticularly Ancient Rome. In modern times, Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic, financial, industrial, maritime, political and cultural life in Greece.
Bansko is a town in southwestern Bulgaria, the administrative center of Bansko municipality, Blagoevgrad district. Bansko is located at the foot of the Northern Pirin at 927 m above sea level. The Pirin National Park begins near the town. The river Glazne flows through Bansko. The climate is mountainous and allows the retention of the snow cover from December to April, and the alpine nature of the Pirin Mountains provides excellent conditions for professional and amateur skiing. There is a station on the narrow-gauge railway Septemvri - Dobrinishte. Southwest of the city there are mineral waters.
Bebrovo is a village in northern Bulgaria. It is located in Elena municipality, Veliko Tarnovo district. It is located in a beautiful longitudinal valley on the northern slopes of the Eleno-Tvardishki part of the Balkan Mountains, at about 430 m above sea level. The small Bebrovska River, also called Brezovitsa or Kamenitza, flows through the village, it comes out of its narrow bed during torrential rains and overflows. From the north and west the village is protected from the cold winds by high hills. Bebrovo is an old Bulgarian settlement, founded before the conquest of Bulgaria by the Ottoman Turks. In its territory there are remains of an old fortress and a Roman road.
Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Belgrade is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Europe and the World. One of the most important prehistoric cultures of Europe, the Vinča culture, evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region and, after 279 BC, Celts settled the city, naming it Singidűn. It was conquered by the Romans under the reign of Augustus and awarded Roman city rights in the mid-2nd century. It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s, and changed hands several times between the Byzantine Empire, the Frankish Empire, the Bulgarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Hungary before it became the seat of the Serbian king Stefan Dragutin in 1284.
Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. First documented in the 13th century and at the crossing of two important historic trade routes. erlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417-1701), the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1918), the German Empire (1871-1918), the Weimar Republic (1919-1933), and the Third Reich (1933-1945). Berlin in the 1920s was the third-largest municipality in the world. After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries, the city was divided; West Berlin became a de facto exclave of West Germany, surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961-1989) and East German territory. East Berlin was declared the capital of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital. Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all of Germany.
Bitola is a city in the southwestern part of North Macedonia. It is located in the southern part of the Pelagonia valley, surrounded by the Baba, Nidže, and Kajmakčalan mountain ranges. The city stands at an important junction connecting the south of the Adriatic Sea region with the Aegean Sea and Central Europe, and it is an administrative, cultural, industrial, commercial, and educational center. It has been known since the Ottoman period as the "City of Consuls" since many European countries had consulates in Bitola. Bitola, known during the Ottoman Empire as Monastir, is one of the oldest cities in North Macedonia. It was founded as Heraclea Lyncestis in the middle of the 4th century BC by Philip II of Macedon. The city was the last capital of the First Bulgarian Empire (1015-1018) and the last capital of Ottoman Rumelia, from 1836 to 1867. According to the 2002 census, Bitola is the second-largest city in the country, after the capital Skopje. Bitola is also the seat of the Bitola Municipality.
Blagoevgrad is a town and municipality in southwestern Bulgaria, one hundred kilometers south of Sofia. It is the capital of Blagoevgrad Oblast. The town is about 560 meters above sea level in the valley of the River Strymon. In the Ottoman period this place was called Yukarı Cuma. This name was renamed from the Bulgarian translation Gorna Dzhumaya. In 1950, the city was named after the founder of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, Dimitar Blagoev (1856-1924).
Bolhrad, also known by its Russian name Bolgrad, is a small city in Odessa Oblast. Bolhrad was founded in 1821 by Bulgarian settlers in Bessarabia, under the direction of General Ivan Inzov who is "revered" by Bolhrad residents as the "Founder of Our City".
Brăila is a city in Romania on the Danube, historically belonging to the Wallachia region. The city has an important inland port. Brăila was also known in the past by her Turkish names Ibrail and Ibraila.
Breznik is a town located in Pernik Province and is close to the towns of Bankya and Pernik. Breznik was first mentioned in the 11th century and it was already a city by then. The town was mentioned throughout the 15th-19th centuries, attesting to its continuous existence. In the 17th - 18th century Breznik was an attractive center for leading painters and builders. The local people were very active and managed to attract even the prominent representative of the Samokov school, Joan the Icon Painter.
Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the Flemish Region (within which it forms an enclave) and the Walloon Region. Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe. Since the end of the Second World War, it has been a major center for international politics and home to numerous international organizations, politicians, diplomats and civil servants.
Bucharest is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial center. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmboviţa River. Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the center of Romanian media, culture, and art. Its architecture is a mix of historical (mostly Eclectic, but also Neoclassical and Art Nouveau), interbellum (Bauhaus, Art Deco, and Romanian Revival architecture), communist-era, and modern.
Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary. The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum, the capital of Lower Pannonia. The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century, but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241. After the reconquest of Buda from the Ottoman Empire in 1686, the region entered a new age of prosperity, with Pest-Buda becoming a global city after the unification of Buda, Óbuda, and Pest on 17 November 1873, with the name Budapest given to the new capital.
Burgas, sometimes transliterated as Bourgas, is the second-largest city on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in the region of Northern Thrace and the fourth-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia, Plovdiv, and Varna. The city is surrounded by the Burgas Lakes and located at the westernmost point of the Black Sea, at the large Burgas Bay. The earliest signs of life in the region date back 3000 years, to the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age. The favorable conditions on the fertile plain, around the sea, have brought people here from early antiquity.
Carrara is a town in northwestern Tuscany, one of the two capitals of the province of Massa-Carrara and perhaps best known for its marble quarries. In the Apuan Alps, east of Carrara, there are about 300 marble quarries, which produce almost flawless marble. The marble quarries date back to the time of the Romans and are therefore the oldest industrial sites in the world that are still in operation. That marble was used by Michelangelo, among others, for his 'David' and 'Pieta'. Carrara also displays its natural riches within the city walls. Several museums and local marble workshops demonstrate the techniques of marble processing.
Chirpan is a town on the Tekirska River in Stara Zagora Province of south-central Bulgaria. Chirpan is located north of the Maritsa River on the Chirpan highlands, southeast of the Sredna Gora mountains. The town is a center for wineries and viticulture. The modern town is the successor of the Ancient Roman settlement of Sherampol and re-emerged at the beginning of the 15th century, its current name likely being derived from the Roman one. Upon his return from the Council of Sardica, Saint Athanasius established the first Christian monastery in Europe circa 344 near modern-day Chirpan in Bulgaria.
Chişinău, also known as Kishinev, is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Moldova. The city is Moldova's main industrial and commercial center, and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester. Chişinău is the most economically prosperous locality in Moldova and its largest transportation hub. Nearly a third of Moldova's population lives in the metro area. Founded in 1436 as a monastery village, the city was part of the Principality of Moldavia (which, starting with the 16th century became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, but still retaining its autonomy). At the beginning of the 19th century Chişinău was a small town of 7,000 inhabitants.
Constanţa is the largest seaport in Romania and the second on the Black Sea, the largest city in the Dobrudja region, and on the Black Sea coast of Romania, the administrative center of Constanta County. There are mineral springs in the vicinity of the city. Long sea beaches. The main industries are the leather industry and the production of containers for petroleum products.
Dalgoshevtsi, nowadays Zamfir is a village in northwestern Bulgaria, Montana District, Lom Municipality. It is located along the river Lom. It borders on the north with the Humata district of the town of Lom. The village was named after Zamfir Hadjiiski (1899-1943), a local communist and partisan. The annual fair of the village of Zamfir is on May 6 - St. George's Day.
Devin (until 1934 Devlen) is a town in southern Bulgaria, the administrative center of the municipality of Devin. The town of Devin is located in the Western Rhodopes, in the Devin Mountains. The Devin River passes through the town, which flows into the Vacha River a little further downstream. Devin is a popular tourist attraction. There are plenty of hot springs in the area and hence spa resorts. The region has been known since ancient times for the healing properties of its mineral springs.
Dimitrovgrad alternatively Caribrod is a town and municipality located in the Pirot District of southeastern Serbia. Since 1950, the official name of the town has been Dimitrovgrad, but the name Caribrod is also used. In Bulgarian, the name Tsaribrod is preferred because there is another Dimitrovgrad on the Maritsa river in Bulgaria, and Tsaribrod was used before the town was named after Georgi Dimitrov, a Bulgarian Communist leader who advocated a union between the Bulgarians and the remaining Yugoslav nations to form the Balkan Federation.
Dobarsko is a village in southwestern Bulgaria, part of Razlog Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province. It is set at 1,070 m above sea level on the southern slopes of Rila with the westernmost Rhodope Mountains to the east and Pirin to the south near the valley of the Mesta River. According to the legend, Dobarsko was founded by soldiers from Bulgarian tsar Samuil's blinded army after the Battle of Belasitsa in 1014, who arrived in the area en route to the Rila Monastery and discovered a holy spring that allegedly cured them. Dobarsko is first mentioned in Tsar Ivan Shishman's donor's charter from the Rila Monastery in 1378.
Dolno Kamartsi is a village in western Bulgaria. It is located in Gorna Malina Municipality, Sofia District. The village of Dolno Kamartsi is located in a mountainous region, on the Sub-Balkan road Sofia - Bourgas, 44 km east of the capital. The village is located in the Dolnokamarska valley. The village has made significant sacrifices on Shipka peak. Six members of the secret revolutionary committee in the village of Dolno Kamartsi completed the struggle for the liberation of Bulgaria as volunteers of Shipka 1877-1878. Their files are stored in the National Library in Sofia, Orient. A monument was erected in honor of those killed in the Russo-Turkish war of liberation at the western end of the village next to the road from Sofia and a monument to those killed in the First and Second World Wars in the school yard.
Dragoman is a city in Western Bulgaria, which is located in the Sofia region and in the western part of the Sofia Valley, which accompanies the Stara Planina from the south and passes west from Sofia through the Aldomirovo and Slivnish fields. The most ancient remains of the first inhabitants on the territory of today's town of Dragoman are from the New Stone Age. Then there was a small settlement there, from which various implements of labor, such as stone axes and hammers, have reached the present day. A Roman army was permanently quartered in it to guard the important military road from Belgrade to Constantinople. Under this name, the settlement also existed during part of the Middle Ages. Two sixteenth-century Ottoman documents show that the city existed in the Middle Ages.
Dresden is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. Although Dresden is a relatively recent city of Germanic origin followed by a settlement of Slavic people, the area had been settled in the Neolithic era by Linear Pottery culture tribes c. 7500 BC. Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the Electors and Kings of Saxony, who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendor, and was once by personal union the family seat of Polish monarchs. The city was known as the Jewel Box, because of its baroque and rococo city center.
Dryanovo is a Bulgarian town situated at the northern foot of the Balkan Mountains in Gabrovo Province; amphitheatrically along the two banks of Dryanovo River, a tributary to the Yantra River. Like all Balkan mountain settlements, Dryanovo reached its bloom at the time of the Bulgarian National Revival. In 1883 it was proclaimed a town. Masons and woodcarvers spread the fame of the town throughout Bulgaria and far away in the Ottoman Empire. Dryanovo is sometimes referred to as "a town of centenarians" for the healthy climatic conditions prolonging people's life. The town is also known as the birthplace of the renowned architect Kolyu Ficheto.
Dupnitsa is a town in Western Bulgaria. It is at the foot of the highest mountain in the Balkan Peninsula - the Rila Mountain, and about 50 km south of the capital Sofia. Dupnitsa is the second largest town in Kyustendil Province. The town has existed since ancient times. The German traveler Arnold von Harff visited Dupnitsa in 1499 and described it as a "beautiful town". The names Tobinitsa, Doupla and Dubnitsa are mentioned throughout history, the last one used until the Liberation of Bulgaria when the official name was changed to Dupnitsa. In 1948 the town was renamed Stanke Dimitrov; for a short period in 1949 it was called Marek; the name was changed to Stanke Dimitrov in 1950. After the democratic changes, the old name Dupnitsa was restored.
Edirne is a city in the European part of Turkey in historical Thrace and is located at the confluence of the Tunca and the Meriç. Both Greece and Bulgaria are very close by. Edirne is the capital of the province of the same name. The Greeks still call the city Adrianople, while the Turks also call it Edreneh next to Edirne. The Slavs call the city Odrin or Jedren. The Turkic and Slavic variants all go back to the original Latin name. The city was founded by the Roman emperor Hadrian and got its name: Hadrianopolis, which means "City of Hadrian". Previously there was a settlement of the Thracians.
Elena is a Bulgarian town in the central Stara Planina mountain in Veliko Tarnovo Province. Elena is an old settlement founded before the 15th century. During the 18th and 19th century it established itself as a center for crafts, trade and education. There are several architectural ensembles preserved dating back to the Bulgarian National Revival and comprising about 130 old houses. There are also wall-to-wall construction forms and interesting street silhouettes. The houses have stone basements with white-washed or wooden walls of the upper floor with protruding bays above.
Elin Pelin, previously known as Novoseltsi, is a town in central western Bulgaria. It is the administrative center of Elin Pelin Municipality, located in central Sofia Province. It lies in the Sofia Valley, with the slopes of the Balkan Mountains to the north and Sredna Gora to the south-southeast of the capital city of Sofia. The number of Thracian, Roman, and Byzantine artifacts and ruins in the area proves that the surroundings of Elin Pelin have been inhabited since antiquity. A Slavic settlement was founded in the Middle Ages and existed until the early Ottoman rule of Bulgaria.
Gabrovo is a town in central Bulgaria, the administrative and economic center of the eponymous municipality of Gabrovo and Gabrovo district. It is located along the Yantra River at the northern foot of the Shipka part of the Balkan Mountains. In close proximity to it, in the area of Uzana, is the geographical center of Bulgaria. The people of Gabrovo are known for their love of humor, for their annual humorous carnival of humor and satire, for their mechanical engineering, and for their numerous monuments and bridges and long streets. Gabrovo is the longest town in Bulgaria with its 25 km from Yabalka district to Smirnenski dam.
Galaţi is a city in eastern Romania. The city is located in the Moldova region on the left bank of the Danube, between the estuaries of the Siret and the Prut. The first mention of Galaţi dates back to 1445. During the Austro-Turkish War, the city was taken by the Austrian army on May 1, 1789, and burned to the ground. Of the 6,000 defending Ottoman troops, 4,000 lost their lives. The trading city received an important boost in 1834 when it became a free port, which it would remain until 1883. The Wallachian competitor Brăila, located just upstream, was given the same status in 1836 and both cities enjoyed their heyday in the nineteenth century. Galaţi was the seat of the European Danube Commission (1856-1938), the predecessor of today's Danube Commission.
Galichnik is a village in the western part of Northern Macedonia, in the municipalities of Mavrovo and Rostushe. The village is an architectural reserve and practically without inhabitants. Galichnik together with Lazaropole is traditionally one of the washing centers. The village is famous for the Galich wedding custom. The village is located in the area of the Galichka River in the western slopes of the Bistra Mountain, above the canyon of the Radika River at an altitude of 1270 to 1450 meters. According to local legends, reflected in a report by Srebren Poppetrov from 1916, Galicians moved from Thessaloniki, the area of the river Galik, during the Middle Ages.
Geneva is the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva. Geneva is a global city, a financial center, and a worldwide center for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations, including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross. Geneva was an Allobrogian border town, fortified against the Helvetii tribe when the Romans took it in 121 BC. It became Christian under the Late Roman Empire, and acquired its first bishop in the 5th century, having been connected to the Bishopric of Vienne in the 4th.
Ghent is a city and a city in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province, and the third largest in the country, exceeded in size only by Brussels and Antwerp. It is a port and university city. The city originally started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe, with some 50,000 people in 1300.
Gorna Oryahovitsa is a town in northern Bulgaria, situated in Veliko Tarnovo Province. The first settlement in the area dates back to the second half of the 5th millennium BC, the Middle Neolithic Age. There are traces of a later Thracian settlement between the Kamaka Hill and the Arbanasi Plateau. After the restoration of the Bulgarian State at the end of the 12th century, a need arose for the protection of the new metropolis Tarnovgrad. Several fortresses were built, including Rahovets. During the Bulgarian National Revival, Gorna Oryahovitsa gradually turned into an economically strong settlement.
Gradets is a village in southeastern Bulgaria. It is located in Kotel municipality, Sliven district. There are four villages named Gradets in Bulgaria: one in the Sofia district, another in the Novozagorska district, this one in the Kotel district, and one in the Vidin district. This, as well as similar names of settlements and localities, are almost always in connection with visible historical remains of fortresses or protected places. While before the Liberation the most important communication line for the village was through Kotel to Dobrudja, today it is of secondary importance, especially to Kotel, as a district center, and the road Gradets - Straldzha is gaining vital importance, not only for Gradets. , but also for the whole region, as the shortest and most convenient connection with the railway line through Straldzha.
Graz is the capital city of the Austrian state of Styria and the second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. Graz is known as a college and university city, with four colleges and four universities. Its historic centre is one of the best-preserved city centres in Central Europe. In 1999, the city's historic centre was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites and in 2010 the designation was expanded to include Eggenberg Palace on the western edge of the city. The oldest settlement on the ground of the modern city of Graz dates back to the Copper Age. However, no historical continuity exists of a settlement before the Middle Ages.
Grenoble is the prefecture and largest city of the Isčre department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France. Grenoble's history goes back over 2,000 years, to a time when it was a village of the Allobroges Gallic tribe. It became the capital of the Dauphiné in the 11th century. This status, consolidated by the annexation to France, allowed it to develop its economy. Grenoble then became a parliamentary and military city, close to the border with Savoy. Industrial development increased the prominence of Grenoble through several periods of economic expansion over the last three centuries. This started with a booming glove industry in the 18th and 19th centuries continued with the development of a strong hydropower industry in the late 19th to early 20th centuries and ended with a post-World War II economic boom symbolized by the holding of the 10th Olympic Winter Games in 1968.
Haskovo is a city in the region of Northern Thrace in southern Bulgaria and the administrative center of the Haskovo Province, not far from the borders with Greece and Turkey. According to Operative Program Regional Development of Bulgaria, the urban area of Haskovo is the seventh largest in Bulgaria. The first settlement found in Haskovo is from circa 5000 BC. Haskovo celebrated its 1,000th anniversary as a town in 1985. To mark the event, a new clock tower was erected in the center of the town. Haskovo Cove in Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named after the city of Haskovo.
Heidelberg is a university town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in southwest Germany. Heidelberg University, founded in 1386, is Germany's oldest and one of Europe's most reputable universities. Heidelberg is a scientific hub in Germany and home to several internationally renowned research facilities adjacent to its university, including the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and four Max Planck Institutes. The city has also been a hub for the arts, especially literature, throughout the centuries, and it was designated a "City of Literature" by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.
Ilinden is a village in Southwestern Bulgaria, Blagoevgrad district, Hadjidimovo municipality. Until 1951, the name of the village was Libyahovo. In the 19th century, Libyahovo was a large village with a predominantly Bulgarian population, belonging to the Nevrokop kaaz of the Sersky sanjak. In 1828-1831, the Assumption Church was built. In the "Ethnography of the vilayets of Adrianople, Monastir and Thessaloniki", published in Constantinople in 1878 and reflecting the statistics of the male population from 1873, Lyubiahovo is listed as a village with 253 households and 850 Bulgarian inhabitants.
Iskrets is a village in Svoge Municipality, Sofia Province, western Bulgaria. It is situated around the shores of Iskretska River (a tributary of the Iskar, itself a right tributary of the Danube), surrounded by Mala Planina and Ponor Planina. A Pulmonary Disease Recreation Center called "Belodroben Sanatorium" used to exist in the village due to the healing properties of the air in the region. It has been built back in 1908. Now it functions as a standard Active Treatment Hospital. Iskrets is the birthplace of French singer Sylvie Vartan.
Istanbul, formerly known as Constantinople, is the largest city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural and historic center. The city straddles the Bosporus strait, and lies in both Europe and Asia. Founded as Byzantion by Megarian colonists in the 7th century BCE, and renamed by Constantine the Great first as New Rome during the official dedication of the city as the new Roman capital in 330 CE, which he soon afterwards changed to Constantinople, the city grew in size and influence, becoming a beacon of the Silk Road and one of the most important cities in history.
Izmir is a metropolitan city in the western extremity of Anatolia, the capital of the province of the same name. It is the third most populous city in Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara, and the second largest urban agglomeration on the Aegean Sea after Athens. Izmir has more than 3,000 years of recorded urban history, and up to 8,500 years of history as a human settlement since the Neolithic period. In classical antiquity, the city was known as Smyrna, a name which remained in use in English and various other languages until around 1930, when government efforts led the original Greek name to be gradually phased out internationally in favor of its Turkish counterpart Izmir.
Jena is a city in eastern Germany, located on the Saale in the state of Thuringia. In 1230 Jena received city rights from the lords of Lobdeburg. In 1672 it became the capital of an independent principality of Saxe-Jena. In 1692 the town fell on the line of Saxe-Eisenach and in 1741 it became part of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Under Duke Carl August it became an important intellectual center of Germany. After World War I it became part of Thuringia. After the division after the Second World War, Jena was located in the GDR.
Kalofer is a town in central Bulgaria, located on the banks of the Tundzha between the Balkan Mountains to the north and the Sredna Gora to the south. Kalofer is part of Plovdiv Province and the Karlovo municipality. It is best known as the birthplace of Bulgarian poet and revolutionary Hristo Botev.
Kardzhali is a town in the Eastern Rhodopes in Bulgaria, located in the Kardzhali Province. Named after the 14th-century Ottoman conqueror Kırca Ali, from the Turkish name Kırca and the Islamic name Ali, derived from an Arabic root that means "high" or "Elevated". The area where the town of Kardzhali is now located has been inhabited since the Neolithic. Many artifacts, comprising ceramics and primitive tools, have been found during the archaeological excavations. Later Thracian tribes settled in the area and developed a highly advanced civilization. They built many sanctuaries dedicated to the gods of the sun and the earth. The town developed largely due to its position on the trade routes during the period of Ottoman rule. However, it remained a small town. During the 18th century, Turkish brigands used this remote town as a hideaway and supply point, and the town was later named after their leader Kırca Ali.
Karlovo is a historically important town in central Bulgaria located in a fertile valley along the river Stryama at the southern foot of the Balkan Mountains. Karlovo is famous for the worldwide-known rose oil, which is grown there and used in producing perfume. In addition to this, Karlovo is the birthplace of Vasil Levski, the most distinguished Bulgarian to start preparing the national liberation from the Ottoman rule in the late 19th century. On 19 August 2005, some archaeologists announced they had found the first Thracian capital, which was situated near Karlovo in Bulgaria.
Kavaklia is a town in the central district of Kırklareli Province, Turkey. Prior to Balkan Wars, the population of Kavaklia was composed of Greeks and Bulgarians living in the Ottoman Empire. After the Balkan Wars, Bulgarians left for Bulgaria, the Greeks were scattered throughout Greece, and the Turks from Bulgaria settled in Kavaklia. Later, Turks from Greece and Serbia also settled in Kavaklia. In 1968, Kavaklia was declared a seat of the township. Both agriculture and industry play a part in the town economy.
Kazanlak is a Bulgarian town in Stara Zagora Province, located in the middle of the plain of the same name, at the foot of the Balkan mountain range, at the eastern end of the Rose Valley. It is the administrative center of the homonymous Kazanlak Municipality. The town is among the 15 biggest industrial centers in Bulgaria. It is the center of rose oil extraction in Bulgaria and the oil-producing rose of Kazanlak is one of the most widely recognizable national symbols.
Khan Asparuhovo is a village in southern Bulgaria. The first mention of a settlement in the area is in the 15th century in the Ottoman registers. Before the liberation the name of the village was Chavlakoy, which was changed in 1897 to Tsar Asparuhovo. In 1950 it was renamed Stamovo after the killed partisan Stamo Kirev. On January 19, 1993, the name of the village was changed to the current Khan Asparuhovo
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. The city's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of its four legendary founders. During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until its capture by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became the capital of the Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbors, first Lithuania, then Poland and ultimately Russia.
Klisura is a town in southern Bulgaria. It is located in Karlovo municipality, Plovdiv district, near the town of Koprivshtitsa. Klisura is located in a mountainous area between Sredna Gora and Stara Planina. The city is called Klisura because the two mountains there are very close to each other. Klisura is one of the most historically significant cities in Bulgaria. The city is associated primarily with the April Uprising of 1876, where it played a leading role.
Klosterneuburg is a town in Tulln District in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It was established in 1114 and soon after given to the Augustinians, is of particular historical importance. It is located on the Danube, immediately north of the Austrian capital Vienna, from which it is separated by the Kahlenberg and Leopoldsberg hills of the Vienna Woods range. It has been separated from its twin city of Korneuburg on the left bank of the Danube since the river changed its course during the Late Middle Ages.
Koprivshtitsa is a historic town in the Koprivshtitsa Municipality in Sofia Province, central Bulgaria, lying on the Topolnitsa River among the Sredna Gora mountains. It was one of the centers of the April uprising in 1876 and is known for its authentic Bulgarian architecture and for its folk music festivals, making it a tourist destination. Koprivshtitsa preserves the atmosphere of the Bulgarian National Revival period of the 19th century.
Kotel is a town in central Bulgaria, part of Sliven Province. It is the administrative center of the homonymous Kotel Municipality.
Kotel is known for the numerous personalities of the Bulgarian National Revival who are somehow connected to the town, such as the politician's Alexander Bogoridi and Stefan Bogoridi, the enlighteners Sophronius of Vratsa and Petar Beron, public figure Gavril Krastevich, revolutionary Georgi Rakovski, as well as the World War II prime minister Dobri Bozhilov.
Kratovo is a small town in North Macedonia, which lies on the western slopes of Mount Osogovo. In the Roman period, there was a settlement called Tranatura located within the modern city municipality. In 1282 Kratovo became part of the Kingdom of Serbia. In all probability, the wealth of the town came from its mines. In the 15th century, Kratovo was a very important mining town, inhabited by many wealthy and educated men, such as the writer Dimitar, or Marin, son of the priest Radonja. In the 16th century, Kratovo ranked among the most important mining towns in the European part of the Ottoman Empire. One of the symbols of the town are its stone towers, as well as the Kratovo bridges of this town made by old masters.
Krushevo is a town in North Macedonia. In Macedonian, the name means the 'place of pear trees'. It is the highest town in North Macedonia and one of the highest in the Balkans, situated at an altitude of over 1350 meters above sea level. Initially part of the Byzantine Empire, the area was conquered by the First Bulgarian Empire in the 9th century to be conquered again by the Byzantium in the 11th century. The region came shortly under the rule of the short-lived Principality of Prilep of Prince Marko (1371 - 1395), a successor state of the Serbian Empire (13461371) where the father of upan Vukain Mrnjavčević held the region. The principality and region came under Ottoman Turkish rule in 1395. From 1929 to 1941, Kruevo was part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Lausanne is the capital city and biggest town of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva. It faces the French town of Évian-les-Bains, with the Jura Mountains to its north-west. The Romans built a military camp, which they called Lousanna, at the site of a Celtic settlement, near the lake where Vidy and Ouchy are situated; on the hill above was a fort. From the Reformation in the 16th century, the city was mostly Protestant until the late 20th century, when it received substantial immigration, particularly from largely Catholic countries.
Leipzig is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire. The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii, two important medieval trade routes. Leipzig was once one of the major European centers of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing. Leipzig has long been a major center for music, both classical as well as modern "dark alternative music" or darkwave genres. The Oper Leipzig is one of the most prominent opera houses in Germany. Leipzig is also home to the University of Music and Theatre "Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy". The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, established in 1743, is one of the oldest symphony orchestras in the world.
Lom is a town in northwestern Bulgaria, part of Montana Province, situated on the right bank of the Danube, close to the estuary of the Lom River. Lom was founded by the Thracians under the name of Artanes in Antiquity. After the Romans called the fortress and the town Almus, from where the name of today's city and of the Lom River comes. Lom is proud of its traditions from the period of the Bulgarian National Revival. During the national revival, the first community center in Bulgaria (1856) was founded in the town, the first women's society in the country was also established in 1858 and one of the first theatre performances took place in the town.
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, which stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of the estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. The City of London, its ancient core and financial center, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries. As one of the world's major global cities, London exerts a strong influence on its arts, entertainment, fashion, commerce and finance, education, health care, media, science and technology, tourism, and transport and communications.
Lovech is a city in north-central Bulgaria. The city is located about 150 kilometers (93 miles) northeast from the capital city of Sofia. Lovech is one of the oldest towns in Bulgaria. Traces of human activities from very ancient times were found in the region, mainly in the caves near the town. The reason was the comfortable location between the mountains and the flat country, and the presence of a river.
Lyaskovets is a town in central northern Bulgaria, located in the homonymous municipality of Veliko Tarnovo Province. The area around the town has been inhabited since the 4th millennium BC, but grew as an important Bulgarian settlement in the Middle Ages, during the Second Bulgarian Empire, because of its proximity to the capital fortress of Veliko Tarnovo. The SS Peter and Paul Monastery helped its development as a religious center, and Lyaskovets took the form of five neighbourhoods named after their respective churches. Lyaskovets was bloodlessly liberated by the Imperial Russian Army in June 1877 due to the flight of the Ottoman garrison in the town after having heard that Veliko Tarnovo was captured, and became part of the Principality of Bulgaria.
Marseille is a city in France. Founded around 600 BC by Greek settlers from Phocaea, Marseille is the oldest city of France, as well as one of Europe's oldest continuously inhabited settlements. Marseille has been a trading port since ancient times. In particular, it experienced a considerable commercial boom during the colonial period and especially during the 19th century, becoming a prosperous industrial and trading city. Nowadays the Old Port still lies at the heart of the city where the manufacturing of soap.
Milan is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire, the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of LombardyVenetia. Milan is considered a leading alpha global city, with strengths in the fields of art, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research and tourism. The city has been recognized as one of the world's four fashion capitals.
Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia and is located on the Moskva River in Central Russia. First documented in 1147, Moscow grew to become a prosperous and powerful city that served as the capital of the Grand Duchy that bears its namesake. When the Grand Duchy of Moscow evolved into the Tsardom of Russia, Moscow still remained as the political and economic center for most of the Tsardom's history. As the historic core of Russia, Moscow serves as the home of numerous Russian artists, scientists, and sports figures due to the presence of its various museums, academic and political institutions, and theatres. The city is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is well known for its display of Russian architecture, particularly its historic Red Square, and buildings such as the Saint Basil's Cathedral and the Moscow Kremlin, of which the latter serves as the seat of power of the Government of Russia.
Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria and is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg. Straddling the banks of the River Isar (a tributary of the Danube) north of the Bavarian Alps, it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria. The city was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the Reformation and was a political point of divergence during the resulting Thirty Years' War, but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant Swedes. Once Bavaria was established as a sovereign kingdom in 1806, Munich became a major European center of arts, architecture, culture and science.
Mykolaiv, also known as Nikolaev or Nikolayev, is a city and municipality in southern Ukraine, the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast. Mykolaiv is arguably the main shipbuilding center of the Black Sea. Aside from three shipyards within the city, there are a number of research centers specializing in shipbuilding such as the State Research and Design Shipbuilding Center, Zoria-Mashproekt and others. The city's founding was made possible by the Russian conquests during the Second Russo-Turkish War of 17871792. Founded by Prince Grigory Potemkin, Mykolaiv was the last of the many cities he established.
Nancy is the prefecture of the northeastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle. It was the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine which was annexed by France under King Louis XV in 1766 and replaced by a province with Nancy maintained as capital. Following its rise to prominence in the Age of Enlightenment, it was nicknamed the "capital of Eastern France" in the late 19th century. The city also has many buildings listed as historical monuments and is one of the European centers of Art Nouveau thanks to the École de Nancy.
New York, often called New York City to distinguish it from New York State, is the most populous city in the United States. New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded on the southern tip of Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists in approximately 1624. The settlement was named New Amsterdam in 1626 and was chartered as a city in 1653. The city came under English control in 1664 and was renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.
Odessa is a port city in Ukraine on the Black Sea. Odessa is located on the hills surrounding a small harbor. It is the largest city on the Black Sea. In 1794, the city of Odessa was founded by a decree of the Russian empress Catherine the Great. From 1819 to 1858, Odessa was a free porta porto-Franco. During the Soviet period, it was the most important port of trade in the Soviet Union and a Soviet naval base.
Ohrid is a city in North Macedonia and is the seat of the Ohrid Municipality. It is the largest city on Lake Ohrid and the eighth-largest city in the country. Ohrid is known for once having 365 churches, one for each day of the year, and has been referred to as the "Jerusalem of the Balkans". The city is rich in picturesque houses and monuments, and tourism is predominant. It is located southwest of Skopje, west of Resen and Bitola. In 1979 and in 1980 respectively, Ohrid and Lake Ohrid were accepted as Cultural and Natural World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Ohrid is one of only 28 sites that are part of UNESCO's World Heritage that are Cultural as well as Natural sites.
Panagyurishte is a city in Bulgaria. Located in the Pazardzhik region, it is part of the Panagyurishte community. The population is 18,487. Panagyurishte arose in the Middle Ages (the name is from the Greek "holiday", "celebration", compare panegyric), became a notable settlement after the capture of Veliko Tarnovo by the Turks in 1349, when many of the surviving inhabitants of the ancient capital moved there. One of the main centers of the April 1876 Uprising. Homeland of the founder of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, a prominent public figure and historian Marina Drinova. In 1949, a large Thracian treasure of gold objects was found in Panagyurishte.
Papradishte is a village in northern Macedonia, part of the municipality of Chashka. The village is located in the northernmost part of the Azot district at the eastern foot of Dautitsa. Papradishte, together with the neighboring village of Oreshe, is a Miyak village inhabited by Miyaks from the Rekan villages of Rosoki, Lazaropole, Mogorche and Tresonche, who fled here from frequent Albanian bandit attacks in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Refugees from Papradishte and Oreshe founded in 1923 in Sofia the Miyachko Papradishko-Oreshko Charitable Brotherhood.
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe`s major centers of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, science, and arts. Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine whose crest includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city.
Pazardzhik is a city situated along the banks of the Maritsa river, southern Bulgaria. Pazardzhik was founded in 1485 by Tatars originating from what is today Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. They sited it on the left bank of the river Maritsa, near the market of the region, an important crossroad at the center of this productive region. Thanks to this favourable location, the settlement quickly developed. Very small at the beginning of the 19th century, it became the administrative centre for the region by the end of that century and remained so until the dissolution of Ottoman Empire. During the following centuries the town continued to grow and strengthen its position. Trade in iron, leather and rice prospered. From the early 20th century, on people built factories, stores and houses, and thus the industrial quarter of the town.
Perushtitsa is a Bulgarian town located in Perushtitsa Municipality, Plovdiv Province at the foot of the Rhodopes. The town is famous throughout Bulgaria for the fight that took place there in 1876 during the April Uprising against the Ottoman reign. During the suppression of the uprising by Turkish irregulars, the majority of the residents were slaughtered. The French journalist Ivan de Woestyne, who visited the town in July 1876, reported for the newspaper Le Figaro that out of a population of about 2000 only 150 elders and children were left. Lady Strangford arrived from Britain later that year with relief for the people of Bulgaria following the massacres. She built a hospital at Batak and later other hospitals were built including at Perushtitsa. Perushtitsa is one of the few places in Bulgaria where Mavrud grapes are grown for a typical Bulgarian wine Mavrud.
Petrich is a town in southwestern Bulgaria. It is located in Blagoevgrad region and is close to the borders with Greece and Northern Macedonia. The city is the second largest in the district after Blagoevgrad and is the administrative center of Petrich municipality. Petrich is located in the southern part of the Petrich valley, at the northern foot of Mount Belasitsa. The altitude of the city is between 130 - 305 m, and the climate is transitional-Mediterranean. Petrich is one of the old towns in the valley of the middle Struma. According to local local historians, today's town of Petrich is the heir of the ancient Thracian settlement located at the southern foot of the Kozhuh hill.
Pirdop is a town in western Bulgaria, the administrative center of Pirdop municipality in Sofia district. The terrain on which the town was built has a slight slope from northeast to southwest and is crossed by the Pirdop River, a tributary of Topolnitsa. Traces of habitation during the Neolithic and Thracian eras have been found in the area of Pirdop, as well as remains of a significant late antique and early medieval settlement. Soon after the Liberation, the city declined - deprived of the markets of the Ottoman Empire and subjected to competition from more efficient industrial production, local crafts ceased. In March 1923, a great flood occurred in the village after the river came and flooded the area.
Pirot is a city and the administrative center of the Pirot District in southeastern Serbia. It has a rich culture, with notable Orthodox church buildings, including the Church of St. Petka, and the monastery of St. Georges and St. John the Theologian from the late 14th century, both of which display an example of medieval architecture. Pirot is known for its traditional woven carpet, the Pirot carpet
Pleven is a city in Central Northern Bulgaria. It is the administrative center of the eponymous municipality of Pleven and Pleven district, as well as one of the important cultural, educational, economic and transport centers in the country. Pleven and its surroundings have roots in ancient times and virtually continuous millennial development. Pleven is a famous tourist center, also called the "city of museums". It focuses on many cultural and historical landmarks related to the Russian-Turkish Liberation War, the most popular of which are the Panorama "Pleven Epic of 1877" and the Chapel-Mausoleum "St. George the Victorious , which along with the building of the Regional History Museum are the symbols of the city.
Plovdiv is the second-largest city in Bulgaria, standing on the banks of the Maritsa river in the historical region of Thrace. During most of its recorded history, Plovdiv was known by the name Philippopolis after Philip II of Macedon. The oldest evidence of permanent habitation dates back to around 6000 BC. The foundation of the current city took place 2000 years later, when Troy already existed, but for example Athens and Rome not yet.
Prilep is the fourth largest city in northern Macedonia, located in the northern part of the Pelagonia region, among the Prilep field. The city is the center of the municipality of the same name and is known as the City of Tobacco, because of the tobacco grown in its vicinity, as well as the City under St. Mark's Towers, named after the tower rising above it, which in the Middle Ages was the center of Prilep Kingdom Mrnjavcevic.
Pyatigorsk is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia located on the Podkumok River. The writings of the 14th-century Arabian traveler Ibn Battuta included the earliest known mention of the mineral springs. Peter the Great (reigned 1682-1725) fostered the earliest scientific study of them, but the information collected on his expedition has not survived. Interest revived at the end of the 18th century with the foundation of the first Russian settlement (Konstantinogorskaya fortress), erected at Mt. Mashuk in 1780. The value of the Caucasian mineral waters led to the construction of a resort in 1803.
Radomir is a town in the Radomir Municipality in the Pernik Province of Bulgaria. The town of Radomir is located in the Radomir valley, at the foot of Mount Golo Bardo. The town was first mentioned in the 15th century and the current form appears for the first time in a source from 1488. In 1418 a wave of discontent broke out in the vicinity of Radomir against the heavy taxes imposed by the Ottoman rulers. At that time the population did not exceed 6 to 7 thousand people in the whole valley, but it gave good handicrafts. The locals were mostly farmers and stockbreeders, but the craft went hand in hand with them. In 1918, in Radomir, Aleksandar Stamboliyski proclaimed Bulgaria to be a republic. His supporters then attempted an attack on Sofia. The Radomir Rebellion was stopped when this force was defeated by Bulgarian and German tsarists, who also did not retain control for long as Bulgaria had signed an armistice with the Allies by the end of the month.
Razgrad is a city in Northeastern Bulgaria in the valley of the Beli Lom river that falls within the historical and geographical region of Ludogorie. Razgrad was built upon the ruins of the Ancient Roman town of Abritus on the banks of the Beli Lom river. Abritus was built on a Thracian settlement of the 4th-5th century BC of unknown name. Some of Razgrad's landmarks include the Varosha architectural complex from the 19th century, the ethnographic museum and several other museums, the distinctive Razgrad clock tower in the center built in 1864, the St Nicholas the Miracle Worker Church from 1860, the Mausoleum Ossuary of the Liberators and the Ibrahim Pasha Mosque from 1530.
Razlog is a town and ski resort in Razlog Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province in southwestern Bulgaria. It is situated in the Razlog Valley and was first mentioned during the reign of Byzantine emperor Basil II. In 1925, the town was renamed from Mehomia to Razlog. Razlog developed as a center of winter tourism in the 1990s and 2000s owing to its favourable position in the vicinity of the Pirin, Rila and Rhodope mountains.
Ruse is the fifth largest city in Bulgaria. Ruse is in the northeastern part of the country, on the right bank of the Danube, opposite the Romanian city of Giurgiu. Ruse is known for its 19th- and 20th-century Neo-Baroque and Neo-Rococo architecture, which attracts many tourists. It is often called the Little Vienna. It is the most significant Bulgarian river port, serving an important part of the international trade of the country.
Sadovo is a small town in Sadovo Municipality, Plovdiv Province, central Bulgaria. The oldest name of the city is accepted as "Kyuchuk Stambol" through local oral tradition. Until 1881, it was "Cheshnegir Mahala". Sadovo began between the years 1365-1390, when the city was founded by Turkish villagers in Thrace, during the time when Ottoman sultans, such as Murad I and Bayezid I, ruled Bulgaria.
Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd (19141924) and later Leningrad (19241991), is the second-largest city in Russia. It is situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May 1703 on the site of a captured Swedish fortress and was named after the apostle Saint Peter. Saint Petersburg is historically and culturally associated with the birth of the Russian Empire and Russia's entry into modern history as a European great power.
Samokov is a town in Sofia Province in the southwest of Bulgaria. It is situated in a basin between the mountains Rila and Vitosha. Due to the suitable winter sports conditions, Samokov, together with the nearby resort Borovets, is a major tourist center. In the past, Samokov was a center of handicrafts and art, with notable figures like Zahari Zograf, Hristo Dimitrov and Nikola Obrazopisov. It is thought that Samokov was founded in the 14th century as a mining settlement with the assistance of Saxon miners.
Serres is a city in Macedonia, Greece, the capital of the Serres regional unit and the second largest city in the region of Central Macedonia, after Thessaloniki. The city is situated in a fertile plain at an elevation of about 70 meters, some 24 kilometers northeast of the Strymon river. Although the earliest mention of Serres (as Siris) is dating to the 5th century BC, the city was founded long before the Trojan War, probably at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The ancient city was built on a high and steep hill just north of Serres. It held a strategic position since it controlled a land road that followed the valley of the river Strymon from the shores of the Strymonian Gulf to the Danubian countries.
Shiroka Laka is a village in the very south of Bulgaria, located in Smolyan municipality, Smolyan Province. Shiroka Laka is famous for its authentic Rhodopean houses set in tiers on both banks of the local river. The old houses were designed in the characteristic architectural style of the Rhodopes by the noted local building masters, and feature two storeys, oriels, built-in cupboards and a small cellar with a hiding place. The thick white walls hide the yard from the outsiders' eyes. The yard is small and slab-covered and has a typical stone drinking fountain in the middle.
Shumen (Kolarovgrad in the period 1950 - 1965) is a town in northeastern Bulgaria, administrative and economic center of the eponymous municipality of Shumen and Shoumen district. The first information about Shumen is from the Stone-Copper Age. Excavations by Raphael Popov in 1907 identify the settlement mound Kodjadermen, inhabited during the Middle and Late Chalcolithic (approximately the period 4500 - 4000 BC). It has a diameter of 60 m and a height of 5 m, and is located 6 km north of the town, to the left of the road Shumen - Targovishte.There is also information from the Early Iron Age - XII century BC, when the first fortification surrounding the accessible parts of the fortress dates back.It is about 2 meters thick, built of untreated quarry stones.In the 5th century BC a second wall was built in front of the first.
Skopje is the capital of North Macedonia. The city is located in the north of the country, on the river Vardar. The current area of Skopje was already inhabited from 3500 BC. Remains of Neolithic settlements have been found, as well as the ancient settlement that now overlooks the town centre. During a whole period of the early Middle Ages, the city was a point of contention between the Byzantine and Bulgarian Empires. From 972 to 992 it was the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire. In 1392, three years after the Serbs were defeated in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Skopje was taken by the Ottoman Empire. In 1689, however, Skopje was burned to the ground by Austrian general Engelberto d'Ugo Piccolomini, ostensibly to stamp out a cholera epidemic, but actually to avenge the Ottoman attack on Vienna in 1683. Skopje grew very quickly during the early Yugoslav period and became a major industrial city in the south-central Balkans. In 1991 Yugoslavia fell apart and Skopje became the capital of the independent Republic of Macedonia.
Sliven is a city in eastern Bulgaria and the capital of the Sliven Oblast of the same name. Historically, Sliven is best known for the many Bulgarian haj cloths that fought against the Ottomans in the nineteenth century. The city was first mentioned in 1153 by the Arab traveler Idrissi, but the ruins in the area reveal that the area was already inhabited during the time of the Romans.
Slivnitsa is a town in western Bulgaria, 22 km away from Sofia, lying on the main road connecting the capital with the Bulgarian-Serbian border. Slivnitsa is part of Sofia Province and is close to the towns of Kostinbrod and Dragoman. Called by historians the "battle of the captains vs the generals," referring to the young Bulgarian army, whose highest rank went up to a captain, the Battle of Slivnitsa was a decisive factor in the victory of the Bulgarian Army over the Serbs between 17 and 19 November 1885. It solidified the unification between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.
Sopot is a Bulgarian town situated in the fertile sub-Balkan mountain valley of Karlovo, which is the western part of the famous Rose Valley, immediately below the steep southern slopes of the Troyan Balkan Mountain. According to Konstantin Jireček, the toponym is of Proto-Slavic origin, as indicated by the large number of identical placenames all around the Slavic world. There is information about the locality dating back to Ottoman rule. During the Bulgarian National Revival in the 18th and 19th centuries, it was called "Golden Sopot" because of its flourishing development in crafts and trade. The citizens of Sopot manufactured homespun, braids, fur, and leather of high quality and traded predominantly around the Ottoman Empire.
Sozopol is an ancient seaside town located on the southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Sozopol is one of the oldest towns on Bulgarian Thrace's Black Sea coast. The first settlement on the site dates back to the Bronze Age. Undersea explorations in the region of the port reveal relics of dwellings, ceramic pottery, stone and bone tools from that era. Many anchors from the second and first millennium BC have been discovered in the town's bay, proof of active shipping since ancient times.
St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri, United States. It sits near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers. Before European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. St. Louis was founded on February 14, 1764, by French fur traders Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent, Pierre Laclčde and Auguste Chouteau, who named it for Louis IX of France. With its French past and waves of Catholic immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries, from Ireland, Germany and Italy, St. Louis is a major center of Roman Catholicism in the United States.
Stara Zagora is the sixth-largest city in Bulgaria, and the administrative capital of the homonymous Stara Zagora Province located in the historical region of Thrace. The original name was Beroe, which was changed to Ulpia Augusta Traiana by the Romans. From the 6th century, the city was called Vereja and, from 784, Irenopolis in honour of the Byzantine empress Irene of Athens. In the Middle Ages, it was called Boruj by the Bulgarians and later, eleznik. The Turks called it Eski Hisar (old fort) and Eski Zagra, from which its current name derives, assigned in 1871.
Studena is a village in western Bulgaria. It is located in Pernik municipality, Pernik district. Above the village is a second century necropolis with 28 graves and an old settlement. During the Middle Ages, according to some researchers, there were 13 churches in the area ("St. George", etc.) and because of them in the XV and XVI centuries they called the place Malka Sveta Gora. From the fortress, Duke Krakra Pernishki kept the Byzantines there for 100 days before capturing Sofia. Hence the name One Hundred Days, which later became Cold. This was the third school in Bulgaria and even people from Pernik until 1901, before they started to develop mining, came to study in Studena.
Svishtov is a town in northern Bulgaria, located in Veliko Tarnovo Province on the right bank of the Danube river opposite the Romanian town of Zimnicea. Svishtov is identified with the Roman colony Novae mentioned by Ptolemy. The emperor Vespasian sent the legion I Italica there 70 AD and Novae served as the legion's base for centuries. Novae served as a base of operations for Roman campaigns against Barbarian tribes including Trajan's Dacian Wars, and the last time during Maurice's Balkan campaigns. The legion was also responsible for bridge construction over the Danube
Tábor is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. The town center is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation. Although the town's Czech name translates directly to "camp" or "encampment", these words were derived from the Tábor's name, and the town was named after the biblical Mount Tabor located in Israel. Tábor is located in the geomorphological area of Tábor Uplands. The highest point is the Hýlačka hill with an altitude of 525 meters (1,722 ft) and the lowest is the surface of the river. The historical old town is situated on a hill above the river, which was used for the protection of the town.
Teteven is a town on the banks of the Vit river, at the foot of Stara Planina mountain in north central Bulgaria. The town was first mentioned in a written document in 1421. It is thought that the town's name comes from the family of a certain Tetyo, who settled in the area and founded the town. A thriving city in the 16th and 17th centuries, Teteven was raided by organized Turkish brigand groups in 1801, burnt down and almost completely destroyed, with only four houses surviving out of a total of 3,000. The town later revived and was active in the armed struggle for Bulgarian independence in the 19th century, sheltering a revolutionary committee part of Vasil Levski's organized rebel network.
Thessaloniki, also known as Thessalonica, Saloniki, Solun or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece. Thessaloniki is located on the Thermaic Gulf, at the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea. The city of Thessaloniki was founded in 315 BC by Cassander of Macedon and was named after his wife Thessalonike, daughter of Philip II of Macedon and sister of Alexander the Great.
Tirana is the capital and by far the largest city in Albania and is located in the center of the country on the Tiranë and Lanë rivers. Tirana became the country's capital in 1920. In that year it was only a small town, which was allowed to become the capital as a compromise between the north and the south of Albania. In the course of the 20th century, Tirana has once surpassed much larger towns like Shkodër, Durrës and Korçë, becoming the most important in the country in almost every way. The government and parliament, the People's Assembly of Albania, are located there, and the presidential palace is also in the center of the city. Tirana is also the capital of the prefecture of the same name.
Tran is a small town in Tran Municipality, Pernik Province, western Bulgaria. Tran is located in a mountainous region, close to the border with Serbia and to the nearby towns Breznik and Dragoman. It is located on the banks of the river Erma, in the easternmost part of the high mountain valley Znepole. Once here Thracians, Goths, Slavs lived here successively. The Goths are from the Heruli tribe and settled for the purpose of mining. The Slavic settlement was quite massive, as evidenced by the almost one hundred percent Slavic name system of the topographic areas in Tran region.
Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital city, and largest city, of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of two autonomous regions which are not subdivided into provinces. Trieste belonged to the Habsburg monarchy from 1382 until 1918. In the 19th century, the monarchy was one of the Great Powers of Europe and Trieste was its most important seaport. Trieste, a deep-water port, is a maritime gateway for northern Italy, Germany, Austria, and Central Europe. It is considered the end point of the maritime Silk Road, with its connections to the Suez Canal and Turkey. The city lies at the intersection of Latin, Slavic, and Germanic cultures where Central Europe meets the Mediterranean Sea, and is home to diverse ethnic groups and religious communities.
Troyan is a town remembering the name of Roman Emperor Trajan, in central Bulgaria. Troyan was named a town in 1868 when it developed as a craft center for the region. The town is famous for its traditional pottery, probably developed partly as a result of the qualities of the local clay soil. Pottery was the main source of income for the local craftsmen during the Bulgarian Renaissance age. The production of premium quality plum rakia has become a part of the local culture. In connection with this, the town holds the annual Festival of the Plum in the autumn.
Tryavna is a town in central Bulgaria, situated on the northern slopes of the Balkan range, on the Tryavna river valley, near Gabrovo. It is famous for its textile industry and typical National Revival architecture, featuring 140 cultural monuments, must and expositions. The village was founded as early as the Thracian Era. However, the first documents of its existence date back to the 12th century. During the Ottoman Bulgaria period, locals defended the pass and enjoyed privileges for this reason. Only Bulgarians lived in the town. During the period of the Bulgarian National Revival, the town was heavily involved in the development of crafts
Tserova koria is a village in northern Bulgaria. It is located in the center of a valley located between Veliko Tarnovo and the ridges of Sredna Stara Planina. The geographical location of the village determines its historical significance from ancient times. It is one of the oldest settlements in the valley. It originated during the Thracians one kilometer east of the present village around the Radomir gorge. It is not known what his original name was. From the accidental archeological finds such as bronze, clay, copper, silver, gold and ceramic objects, iron tools and weapons, knives, swords and others, it can be assumed that the settlement dates from the late Iron Age.
Tulcea is a city in eastern Romania and is the gateway to the Danube Delta and is located on the right bank of the Tulcea arm, one of the main streams of the Danube. The first mention of Aegyssus, the ancient forerunner of the city, dates back to the 3rd century BC. The poet Ovid attributed this name to the Dacian Carpyrus Aegyssus, who is said to have founded the city. The Ottomans conquered the city in the year 1416 and in 1878 century the Romanians took possession of Tulcea, and since then Tulcea started to grow more and more.
Turin is a city and an important business and cultural center in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is mainly on the western bank of the Po River, below its Susa Valley, and is surrounded by the western Alpine arch and Superga Hill.
Varna is the third-largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and in the Northern Bulgaria region. Situated strategically in the Gulf of Varna, the city has been a major economic, social and cultural center for almost three millennia. Historically known as Odessos, Varna developed from a Thracian seaside settlement to a major seaport on the Black Sea. The oldest gold treasure in the world, belonging to the Varna culture, was discovered in the Varna Necropolis and dated to 46004200 BC. Since the discovery of the Varna Necropolis in 1974, 294 burial sites were found, with over 3000 golden items inside.
Veles is a city in the central part of North Macedonia on the Vardar river. The area of present-day Veles has been inhabited for over a millennium. In antiquity, it was a Paionian city called Bylazora, and contained a substantial population of Thracians and possibly Illyrians. Throughout North Macedonia Veles is known as an industrial center and recently, as a leader in the implementation of IT in the local administration in North Macedonia. Veles is a place of poetry, culture, history and tradition, as well as a city with plentiful and precious cultural heritage and centuries old churches.
Veliko Tarnovo is a town in north central Bulgaria and the administrative center of Veliko Tarnovo Province. Often referred as the "City of the Tsars", Veliko Tarnovo is located on the Yantra River and is famously known as the historical capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, attracting many tourists with its unique architecture. The old part of the town is situated on three hills, Tsarevets, Trapezitsa, and Sveta Gora, rising amidst the meanders of the Yantra. On Tsarevets are the palaces of the Bulgarian emperors and the Patriarchate, the Patriarchal Cathedral, and also a number of administrative and residential edifices surrounded by thick walls. During the Middle Ages, the town was among the main European centers of culture and gave its name to the architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School, painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School, and to literature.
Velingrad is a town in Pazardzhik Province, Southern Bulgaria, located at the western end of Chepino Valley, part of the Rhodope Mountains. There are more than 90 mineral water springs with curative and preventive properties in and around the town. The region was inhabited by the Slavs. According to Bulgarian academics, the Dragovichi tribe lived there. The Dragovichi accepted many Thracian customs, but gave them typical Slavic characteristics. Soon after the Bulgar invasion of the Balkans, the whole region was annexed to the First Bulgarian Empire by Malamir. Velingrad was founded in 1948 after the unification between the villagesChepino, Ladzhene and Kamenitsa, renamed after Vela Peeva, a Bulgarian communist revolutionary who gave up her life during World War II.
Verinsko is a village in western Bulgaria and is located in Ihtiman Municipality, Sofia District. The old, Turkish name of Verinsko is Karanlar and later one it was called Chamshadinovo. The religion of the population is Eastern Orthodox. The temple holiday of St. St. Cyril and Methodius is on May 24 and is also a holiday of the village.
Vidin is a city in the far northwest of Bulgaria. It is the capital of the Vidin oblast of the same name. It is an important inland port on the Danube. The city has two historic fortresses, the largest of which is the 10th-century Baba Vida Fortress.
Vienna is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, and its cultural, economic, and political center. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.
Vratsa is a town in northwestern Bulgaria. Administrative and economic center of the eponymous municipality of Vratsa and Vratsa district. Located at the foot of the Vratsa Balkans, the city is a starting point for many caves, waterfalls and interesting rock formations. The most famous among them are the Ledenika cave, the Skaklya waterfall and the Vratsata pass. The Rogozen treasure, which is the largest Thracian treasure, is kept in Vratsa. The Botev Days are held annually in the town, culminating in the fireworks rally on June 1, held on Hristo Botev Square, as well as the national pilgrimage on June 2 on Okolchitsa Peak.
Yablanitsa is a town in northern Bulgaria, the administrative center of Yablanitsa municipality. It is located in Lovech District, near the towns of Pravets, Teteven and Lukovit. Near the town is the cave Saeva Dupka, famous for its beauty. The nearby mountain massif of the Dragoitsa Fore-Balkans is a pleasant challenge for tourist lovers. The Okaptsite area offers conditions for recreation and tourism, thanks to the cool river and the built platforms and tables. Yablanitsa was founded in the 18th century. In 1968 it was officially declared a city.
Yambol is a town in Southeastern Bulgaria and the administrative center of Yambol Province. It lies on both banks of the Tundzha river in the historical region of Thrace. The area surrounding Yambol has been inhabited since the Neolithic Era. The ancient Thracian royal city of Kabile or Kabyle, dating from the end of the 2nd millennium BCE, was located 10 km from current-day Yambol. It was one of Thracians' most important cities and contained one of the kings' palaces. Yambol houses the Regional History Museum and has a military museum, the Battle Glory Museum. As one of the citys most historically significant cultural sites, Bezisten has existed for five centuries as a closed market, a city mall built during the Ottoman Empire.
Zagreb is the capital and largest city of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from Roman times. The oldest settlement in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia, in today's čitarjevo. The name "Zagreb" is recorded in 1134, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094. Zagreb became a free royal city in 1242. The etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used for the united city only from 1852, but it had been in use as the name of the Zagreb Diocese since the 12th century and was increasingly used for the city in the 17th century.
Adam Mandrović is a Croatian actor and director. He was born in Nova Gradishka, Slavonia on November 5, 1839. He made his debut in Zagreb in 1858, and in 1860, after the removal of the German actors from the theater, he became a permanent member of the troupe. From 1899 to 1901 he worked at the "Tear and Laughter" theater in Sofia, and from 1902 to 1907 he was the manager of the Croatian National Theater in Zagreb. Adam Mandrovich confirms the acting talent of Krastyo Sarafov, contributes to the creative development of artists Ivan Popov, Vasil Kirkov, Adriana Budevska, Roza Popova, Shenka Popova, Ekaterina Zlatareva, Geno Kirov. Died December 12, 1912.
Alko Ivanitsov Konstantinov (known by the pseudonym The Lucky One) is a Bulgarian writer, lawyer, public figure and founder of the organized tourist movement in Bulgaria. Aleko Konstantinov was born in the town of Svishtov on January 13, 1863 in the family of the prominent Svishtov merchant Ivanitsa Hadjikonstantinov.
Aleksandar Pavlov Malinov (3 May 1867 - 20 March 1938) was a leading Bulgarian politician who served as Prime Minister on three occasions. He was born in Pandakli, Bessarabia (present-day Orihivka, Ukraine) in a family of Bessarabian Bulgarians. Malinov was known for his support for close ties to Russia and he pursued this policy during his first ministry of 1908-1911.
Alexander Andreev Berhatliev is a Bulgarian sculptor. Alexander Andreev was born on February 25, 1879 in the town of Lovech. He graduated in sculpture at the School of Drawing in Sofia in 1903 under Professor Zheko Spiridonov. He specializes in Vienna, Munich and Berlin. Together with architect Atanas Donkov and sculptor Kiril Shivarov he developed and implemented the project of the Monument of Freedom on Shipka Peak.
Alexander Mihailov Balabanov is a prominent Bulgarian literary scholar, translator and critic, a long-time teacher at the Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" and a member of the Macedonian Scientific Institute. Performer of important missions assigned to him by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, with the aim of attracting the attention of the European communities to the Bulgarians in the Macedonian lands.
Alexander Mihaylov Bitrakov is a Bulgarian enlightened activist from the Bulgarian Revival in Macedonia. He was born in 1863 in Ohrid, Ottoman Empire, in the great Ohrid family Bitrakovi. His brother, Ivan Bitrakov, is a prominent figure of VMORO. He studied at the Ohrid Bulgarian School, later until the second high school class in Dupnitsa, the third in Kyustendil and in 1881-1882 he completed the temporary pedagogical course in Sofia, Bulgaria. He taught at the Thessaloniki Central Bulgarian Primary School from 1882 or 1883 to 1902. In Thessaloniki, in 1884, he introduced the wooden reading room and manual labor training. In 1902, he was suspected by the elders of revolutionary activity and was arrested. He fled to his native Ohrid, after which he became a teacher in the primary school of the Skopje Bulgarian Pedagogical School, where he taught until his death in 1907.
Alexander Joseph, known as Alexander of Battenberg, was the first prince (knyaz) of the Principality of Bulgaria from 1879 until his abdication in 1886. The Bulgarian Grand National Assembly elected him as Prince of autonomous Bulgaria, which officially remained within the Ottoman Empire, in 1879.
Alexander Dimitrov Grekov was one of the founders and first chairman of the National Assembly. Alexander Grekov was born on December 5, 1884 in the city of Sofia. Son is a politician and Prime Minister of Bulgaria Dimitar Grekov. He graduated in law in Aix-en-Provence, France. After returning to Bulgaria in 1909, he started working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1913 he participated in the negotiations for a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire after the Inter-Allied War. On May 21, 1922, Alexander Grekov was fatally shot in the back of the head in the center of Sofia.
Aleksandar Stoimenov Stamboliyski (1 March 1879 - 14 June 1923) was the prime minister of Bulgaria from 1919 until 1923. Stamboliyski was a member of the Agrarian Union, an agrarian peasant movement that was not allied to the monarchy, and edited their newspaper. He opposed the country's participation in World War I and its support for the Central Powers. In the 9 June 1923 coup, Stamboliyski was taken prisoner in his native village of Slavovitsa, where he was relocated following the coup détat. From his native village, Stamboliyski was organizing a counter-insurgence that was large in number but weak in arms. He was brutally tortured and murdered by the IMRO.
Alexander II (29 April 1818 - 13 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination. Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator. The tsar was responsible for other reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment, promoting local self-government through the zemstvo system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promoting university education. After an assassination attempt in 1866, Alexander adopted a somewhat more reactionary stance until his death.
Alexander Stefanov Yanchulev was born in Sofia on October 7, 1938. He is a Bulgarian scientist and politician from the Union of Democratic Forces, mayor of Sofia from 1991 to 1995. On October 13, 1991, elections for mayors and municipal councilors were held. For the first time in the history of the Sofia municipality, the mayor was elected by direct vote. He was also a professor at the University of Architecture, Construction, and Geodesy, where he teaches "Technology, Organization, and Economics of Hydrotechnical Construction".
Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine (21 October 1790, Mâcon - 28 February 1869, Paris), was a French author, poet, and statesman who was instrumental in the foundation of the Second Republic and the continuation of the Tricolore as the flag of France. He was also the Minister of Foreign Affairs, a Member of the Chamber of Deputies, and a Member of the National Assembly
Andre Turio was born in Paris in 1839. He settled in Ruse around 1865. After the Liberation, he bought extensive land for construction and became a major entrepreneur. In 1886, together with the Papamanoli brothers, he bought the mill of the Ruse municipality. In 1890, he sold 15 decares of land to the municipality to create the central city garden. He built five of the most stylish houses in Ruse, including the "Teteven" hotel and Ivan Stoyanov's house on the banks of the Danube. Imall is also a large store (clothing store) "Bon Marche" for modern European clothes on the ground floor of its house on "Aleksandrovska" street. All four of his children received a French education, and his only son, Andre, also studied at a university. He died on May 25, 1918 in Ruse.
Andrey (Andreya) Atanasov Georgov was a Bulgarian public figure. Andrey Georgov was born in the town of Veles, the Ottoman Empire, today within the borders of Northern Macedonia, in the family of Hadji Atanas Georgov. He was the father of the member of the Supreme Macedonian Committee Georgi Georgov, of Iliya Georgov and Ivan Georgov. On May 20, 1878, Andrey Georgov, on behalf of the Veles Bulgarian Municipality, signed the Memoir to the Great Powers with a request for the implementation of the Treaty of San Stefano and the separation of Macedonia from the newly created Bulgarian state. He is a member of the Sofia Unity Committee. During the Kresna-Razlog Uprising he was a member of a temporary commission, which has the task of managing the administrative, postal and financial part of the liberated Bulgarian territories during the uprising. He died in Sofia in 1912.
Andrey Lekarski was born on December 2, 1940, in Sofia, and from 1953 until 1959 he studied at the prestigious Surikov Art School in Moscow. In 1961 he enrolled at the National Academy of Arts in Sofia, but in 1962 he travel to Paris, where he was accepted as a student at the Paris Academy of Art, at his own expense in the studio of Professor Brianchon. His first solo painting exhibition is in Mexico, which coincides with the beginning of the hyperrealism movement. He developed a brilliant career both as a painter and as a sculptor. He participated in numerous group exhibitions in France, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Monaco, Belgium, Great Britain, and Germany. He has more than 40 solo exhibitions on his name.
Andrey Tasev Lyapchev is a Bulgarian politician from Macedonia. A prominent member of the Democratic Party, in 1923 he joined the Democratic Caucus and headed its moderate wing until his death. He was Prime Minister in the governments that ruled Bulgaria from 1926 to 1928 and from 1928 to 1931. He is a founding member of the Macedonian Scientific Institute. In 1910, Andrei Lyapchev was nominated by Hristo Slaveikov for the Nobel Peace Prize. Uses the pseudonym Arnautina.
Andrey Nikolov (April 29, 1878 in Vratsa - December 1959 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian sculptor. Nikolov studied at the Academy of Arts in Paris from 1903 to 1907. From 1910 he was a professor at the Art Academy in Sofia. From 1914 to 1927 he lived in Rome. In many of the marble sculptures he made, he dedicated himself to the theme of motherhood. In addition, he created monumental works and busts of well-known personalities. Nikolov was awarded the Dimitrov Prize.
Angel Petrov Sarafov is a Bulgarian doctor and officer from Macedonia. Angel Sarafov was born on October 8, 1868 in Libyahovo, then in the Ottoman Empire. In 1896, Angel Sarafov graduated in medicine at the University of Vienna, after which he worked as a specialist in eye diseases. By 1907, he was serving as a senior doctor with the rank of sanitary major in the First Sofia Infantry Regiment. He participated in the First World War as a sanitary lieutenant colonel, assistant divisional doctor. For honors and merits in the war, he was awarded the Order of "St. Alexander", IV degree. He married Kenna Sarafova (1880 - 1960), who gave birth to his son Radan (1908 - 1969). Angel Sarafov died in 1932 in Sofia.
Pope John XXIII, born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, (25 November 1881 - 3 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 1963. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was one of thirteen children born to Marianna Mazzola and Giovanni Battista Roncalli in a family of sharecroppers who lived in Sotto il Monte, a village in the province of Bergamo, Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, as nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey.
Anton Stefanov Mitov (1 April 1862, in Stara Zagora - 20 August 1930, in Sofia) was a Bulgarian painter, art critic, art historian, social activist and corresponding member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. When he was fifteen, Ottoman troops burned his hometown and massacred over 14,000 people. His family fled to Svishtov, where they lived in poverty. He took a job as a clerk in Romania and remained there until Bulgaria was liberated in 1878, returning home determined to be an artist. In 1896, he was one of the co-founders of the National Academy of Arts in Sofia, where he taught art history, drawing and perspective. Among his works are the first seascapes painted in Bulgaria, although he specialized in genre art and portraits.
Atanas Dimitrov Burov (January 30, 1875 - May 15, 1954) was a famous Bulgarian financier, philanthropist, diplomat and politician of the People's Party, and later the moderate wing of the Democratic Alliance. He was Minister of Trade, Industry and Labor (1913, 1919-1920) and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Religions (1926-1931). He was considered one of the most influential figures in Bulgarian political life in the first half of the 20th century, and because of his political speeches and the introduction of modern European practices on Bulgarian soil, he was called "ideologue of the Bulgarian bourgeoisie."
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 - 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 1943, and "Duce" of Italian Fascism from the establishment of the Italian Fasces of Combat in 1919 until his execution in 1945 by Italian partisans. As dictator of Italy and principal founder of fascism, Mussolini inspired and supported the international spread of fascist movements during the inter-war period.
Bogdan Dimitrov Filov is a prominent Bulgarian archaeologist, art historian and politician. He was Prime Minister of Bulgaria in the 58th and 59th governments (1940-1943) and regent of the minor Tsar Simeon II (1943-1944). Bogdan Filov is a scientist, considered the founder of professional archeology and art history in Bulgaria, with important contributions to the history of ancient and medieval Bulgarian art. As a politician, Filov was largely responsible for the inclusion of the Kingdom of Bulgaria in World War II on the side of Nazi Germany. This happened on March 1, 1941 with a contract signed at the Belvedere Palace in Vienna. He was sentenced to death and executed on February 2, 1945 by the so-called People's Court, formed almost immediately after the coup of 1944 and the subsequent communist regime in Bulgaria.
Boris Hristov Dalchev was a Bulgarian architect. He was born on September 30, 1910, in Constantinople. He is the youngest son in the family of Hristo Atanasov Dalchev and Victoria Mateeva Dishmova. His brothers are the poet Atanas Dalchev and the sculptor Lyubomir Dalchev. In 1928 he graduated from the First Boys' High School in Sofia, and in 1931 from the Academy of Arts. After that, he continued his studies in architecture with Professor German Bestelmeier at the Higher Technical School in Munich, Germany, where he graduated in 1935. The following year, he returned to Bulgaria and started working in the Architecture and Urban Planning Directorate at Metropolitan Municipality. After his retirement in 1978, he was engaged in the ongoing design and maintenance of monasteries and churches.
Boris III the Unifier (His Majesty Boris III, by the grace of God and the People's Will, King of Bulgaria, Prince Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Duke of Saxony) was heir to the throne and Prince of Tarnovo from his birth on January 30, 1894 to October 2, 1918. and king of Bulgaria from his coronation on October 3, 1918 until his death on August 28, 1943. He was the son of Tsar Ferdinand I, who abdicated in his favor after the defeat of Bulgaria in the First World War.
Boris Petrov Sarafov, born June 12, 1872 in Libjasovo, Bulgaria, died November 28, 1907 in Sofia, was a Bulgarian partisan. Sarafov was from 1899 the leader of the Macedonian committee in Sofia. After the murder of Kiril Fitovski, suspected of Ottoman espionage, in Bucharest, Sarafov was convicted in absentia by a Romanian court; he was not extradited by the Bulgarian government, but had to give up his seat to the more moderate party mates, General Ivan Tsontjev and Professor Stojan Michajlovski. In 1902 there was an open break within the party, whereupon Sarafov formed his insurgent troops on his own.
Boris Minchov Vazov is a Bulgarian journalist, politician, lawyer, diplomat, officer and public figure. He was born on July 4, 1873 in Sopot. He is the youngest of the Vazov brothers - he is the brother of the writer Ivan Vazov and the military figures Georgi Vazov, Vladimir Vazov, the doctor Kiril Vazov and Nikola Vazov. He is a national representative in six national assemblies. From 1927 to 1932 he was minister plenipotentiary in Prague. He was twice the deputy speaker of the National Assembly. In 1925, Vazov was among the wounded in the bombing organized by the communists in the "Holy Sunday" church. In 1917, he was one of the most active advocates for the creation of the Union of Bulgarian Scientists, Writers and Artists. He writes memories of his brothers Ivan, Georgi and Vladimir. He used every opportunity to popularize the work of the folk poet, although after 1950 the copyright over the works of Ivan Vazov passed to the Union of Bulgarian Writers.
Botyo Petkov, called teacher Botyu, was a Bulgarian educator and teacher. Botyo Petkov was born in Karlovo in 1815, in the family of Petko Tachev and Ana Nektarieva. His father is a pub and braider. His mother is from the famous Nektarievi family, which also includes Kiril Nektariev and Maria Nektarieva (grandmother of Hristo and Evlogi Georgievi). Apart from Botyo, 3 girls were born from the marriage - Pechovitsa, Haritina and Lala.
Boyan Spiridonov Mirchev is a Bulgarian journalist, economist and revolutionary, member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. Boyan Mirchev was born in 1900 in the large western Macedonian city of Bitola in the family of teacher Spiridon and Stefka Mirchevi. He is the brother of the writer Petar Mirchev and the linguist Kiril Mirchev. After the Allied War in 1913, the Mirchevi family was forced by the Serbian authorities to emigrate to Bulgaria and settled in Sofia. Boyan Mirchev graduated in political science in Austria and in Heidelberg, Germany. In 1924, Mirchev returned to Bulgaria and became involved in the activities of VMRO. Encouraged personally by Ivan Mihailov, Boyan Mirchev collected and edited memories of 38 Macedonian revolutionary figures.
Carl Djerassi (October 29, 1923 - January 30, 2015) was an Austrian-born Bulgarian-American chemist, novelist, playwright and co-founder of Djerassi Resident Artists Program with Diane Wood Middlebrook. He is best known for his contribution to the development of oral contraceptive pills, nicknamed the father of the pill. Carl Djerassi was born in Vienna, Austria, but spent the first years of his infancy in Sofia, Bulgaria, the home of his father, Samuel Djerassi, a dermatologist and specialist in sexually transmitted diseases.
Carlo Maria Alberto Aliotti was an Italian diplomat. He graduated from the Scuola Superiore di Commercio in Venice in 1890. On March 29, 1893, he entered the consular career and was employed in Constantinople, Thessaloniki, and Vienna. In 1896 he is transferred to a diplomatic career and confirmed in Vienna, In 1900 he was sent to Saint Petersburg, Washington, D.C., and Buenos Aires. In 1916 he became Minister plenipotentiary in China. In 1918 he became commissioner in Sofia Bulgaria. In November 1922 he abruptly retired, with personal communication of Benito Mussolini.
Carlo Alberti Vaccaro was an Italian industrialist and shareholder in Bulgarian joint stock companies. He was born in Turin in 1864. He was a commissioner of agricultural machinery and tools at the First Bulgarian Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition in Plovdiv in 1892. At the beginning of the XX century he moved to Bulgaria. As a representative of a construction company in Marseilles, he organized the installation of the first electric tram in Sofia and the hydroelectric power plant in Pancharevo in 1900. He owns a house in Sofia (now the Vatican Embassy). In 1904 he settled in Plovdiv and bought the tobacco workshop "Eagle". From 1906 he was a member of the Management Board and then director of Balkanska Banka. After its establishment in Sofia in 1909, it initiated the establishment of United Tobacco Factories - Cartel AD. It covers 2/3 of the total volume of the tobacco industry in Bulgaria and about 35% of the tobacco manipulation.
Caroline Pölleritzer was born on November 02, 1857, in Vienna. She was the wife of the famous stenographer Dimitar Konstantinov Yosifov and the mother of the civil engineer Konstantin Yosifov. She died on November 18, 1936, in Sofia at the age of 79.
Claudio Arrau León (Chillán, February 6, 1903 - Mürzzuschlag, June 9, 1991) was a Chilean pianist. Arrau Léon was known for his intense interpretations of a very extensive repertoire ranging from baroque music to twentieth-century modern works. His recordings of Beethoven, Chopin, Liszt and Schumann are particularly highly regarded. He is regarded as one of the most versatile and influential performing piano soloists of the twentieth century. Arrau received an important part of his education in Germany. His interpretations are characterized by slow tempos and often very dark undertones, giving them something serious, 'heavy' and introverted.
Cyril (born Constantine, 826869) and Methodius (815885) were two brothers and Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries who were born in Thessaloniki. For their work evangelizing the Slavs, they are known as the "Apostles to the Slavs". They are credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet used to transcribe Old Church Slavonic. After their deaths, their pupils continued their missionary work among other Slavs. Both brothers are venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as saints with the title of "equal-to-apostles". In 1880, Pope Leo XIII introduced their feast into the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1980, the first Slav pope, Pope John Paul II declared them co-patron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of Nursia.
Dimcho Debelyanov was a Bulgarian poet and author. Born to a prosperous tailoring family in Koprivshtitsa, Bulgaria, Debelyanov experienced financial hardship upon the death of his father in 1896, which necessitated his family moving to Plovdiv, and then on to Sofia in 1904. Debelyanov studied Law, history and literature at the Faculties of Law and History and Philosophy at Sofia University and translated works in both French and English. In 1906, Debelyanov began sending poetry to Bulgarian literary magazines at the urging of friend and fellow poet Pencho Slaveikov, which were accepted and well received. His poems at this time were satirical, with symbolist qualities and subjects, such as dreams, idealism and the stylising of medieval legends. Debelyanov worked several odd jobs during the next six years, finding employment as a junior clerk for the central meteorological station, a translator and a freelance journalist, before being mobilised in 1912. He was killed near Gorno Karadjovo (today Monokklisia, Greece) during a battle with an Irish division in 1916, aged 29.
Dimitar Atanasov Burov is a major Bulgarian entrepreneur, banker, insurer and MP, father of banker Ivan Burov and politician and diplomat Atanas Burov. Burov is a descendant of 2 prominent Revival families. His father Atanas Hadjitsonev Burov (1800 - 1845) was an enterprising Lyaskovo chorbadji. His mother Stana Stoyanova Mihaylovska (January 20, 1803 - April 5, 1888) came from the prominent Elena family Mihaylovski. Dimitar was born on October 8, 1839 in Lyaskovets. A few years later, in 1845, his father died and the entire burden of family support and business matters fell on the shoulders of his mother and older brothers. By 1890, the trade and credit enterprise founded by Dimitar Burov underwent serious changes. After the death of his older brothers, he gathered their sons around him. The company's capital and its opportunities for financial operations are growing significantly.
Dimitar Konstantinov Yosifov was born in 1855 in the town of Prilep, today in northern Macedonia. Dimitar Yosifov was a Bulgarian stenographer and lecturer, closely associated with the emergence and spread of shorthand in Bulgaria. He was secretary of Sofia University in the decades after the Liberation of Bulgaria and a supporter of the pan-Slavic idea. Yosifov died on February 13, 1931 in Sofia.
Dimko A. Radev, known as Dimko Pasha, is a prominent figure of the Bulgarian Revival in Macedonia. Radev was born in 1810 in Veles, then in the Ottoman Empire. He studied in Veles with Miter Bulgarmitsev. Later he moved to Bitola and engaged in trade. He became a supplier to the Bitola garrison (1853 - 1863). Dimko Pasha is a prominent figure for Bulgarian church independence, since 1868 he has been a member of the Bulgarian church-school community. He attracted the first teachers - Nedelya Petkova and her daughter Stanislava Karaivanova for the Bitola Bulgarian Girls' School.
Dobri Hristov (14 December 1875 - 23 January 1941) was one of the major Bulgarian composers of the 20th century. He wrote mainly choral music, as well as some church music and music for the orchestra. Hristov was born in Varna, then in the Ottoman Empire. He graduated from the Prague Conservatory in 1903 (under the directorship of the famous Czech composer Antonín Dvořák). He returned to Bulgaria and helped with the development of Bulgarian music culture, using many Bulgarian folklore elements in his compositions. He was the conductor of "The Seven Saints" ensemble and choir in the church of the same name in Sofia, Bulgaria between 1911 and 1928. He died in Sofia in 1941 at age 65.
Dobrin Hristov Petkov is a Bulgarian conductor. He was born on August 24, 1923 in Dresden, Germany, where his parents were temporarily residing for health reasons. Dobrin Petkov began his musical education in 1927 with his father, and until 1932 he studied violin and participated in productions and concerts. He has performed many times in all Bulgarian orchestras, as well as in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, the USSR, Cuba, the GDR.
Donka Ivanova Guzeleva-Sarafova is a Bulgarian theater actress from the beginning of the 20th century. Donka Gyuzeleva was born in 1879 in Sofia in the family of the Minister of Public Education Ivan Gyuzelev. In 1897, her family sent her to study in St. Petersburg, first in a course for the education of virgins, and then in the Saint Petersburg Theater School, where she studied theatrical mastery. On the way to Saint Petersburg, she meets the novice actor Krastyo Sarafov, who also goes to study at the school. In 1901, the two married (the first of four for Sarafov and the only one for Guzeleva) and three sons were born to them. In the period 19051906, Donka Guzeleva-Sarafova played in the Free Theater, and from 1906 to 1916 she was part of the troupe of the National Theater. Donka Guzeleva-Sarafova rested in 1973 in the German city of Essen.
Dragan Kiryakov Tsankov (real name Dimitar Gikov) was born on November 9, 1828 in the town of Svishtov in the rich family of Kiryak (Gika) Tsankov and Kiriyaka Angelova. Dragan Tsankov was a Bulgarian politician, an honorary member of the Bulgarian Literary Society. He was the third Prime Minister of Bulgaria, who held this position from April 7 to December 10, 1880, and the seventh Prime Minister of Bulgaria from September 19, 1883 to July 11, 1884.
Elena Karamihailova Yaneva was born in the city of Shumen in the family of the enlightened and patriotic merchant Kara Mihail Yanev, called Kara Michal, and his wife Zhechka Hadzhilaskova, originally Bulgarians from Bolgrad. After Robert College in Constantinople, he studied at the private drawing school of the Slovenian Prof. Treblov (the so-called Ladies' Academy), and later in Munich under the famous artists Henrich Knir, Jangelo Yang and Hristianis Landerberger. He returned in 1908 with a solid education and high artistic culture. He settled in Sofia with one of his brothers, a famous surgeon, and in the summer in the village of Zemen, Kyustendilsko. In the same year, he participated in the South Slavic exhibition of the "Lada" union with great success. Before the First World War he traveled to Munich (where he had a studio) and Paris. Participates in the exhibitions of "Contemporary Art", "Native Art", in the exhibitions of women artists and in general exhibitions.
Eleonore Caroline Gasparine Louise Reuß-Köstritz (August 22, 1860 - September 12, 1917) was a princess of the House of Reuss-Köstritz and later, by marriage, Tsarina of Bulgaria. She was a daughter of Hendrik IV Reuß-Köstritz (1821-1894) and Caroline Louise Reuß-Greiz (1822-1875). She married Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria on February 28, 1908, who had been widowed to Maria Louisa of Bourbon-Parma eight years earlier. From the point of view of Ferdinand, in his own words, the marriage was primarily intended to provide a governess to his still minor children. During the First World War, Eleonore worked as a nurse for the well-being of wounded Bulgarian soldiers. Eleonore died during the war. At her request, her body was interred in the cemetery of the Church of Boyana, near Sofia.
Elin Pelin (8 July 1877 - 3 December 1949), born Dimitar Ivanov Stoyanov, is considered Bulgarias best narrator of the Bulgarian (Balkan) countryside and village. Born into a large family in the village of Bailovo near Sofia, he loved writing and reading from an early age. Studying to become a teacher, he taught for a year in 1895 in his native village. In 1911, one of his most famous Bulgarian literary works appeared, The Gerak Family. It is one of the best-known pieces of Bulgarian literature and critically deals with the Bulgarian traditional village family experiencing the transition from the simplicity of rurality to the modernization of Bulgarian society, a social world in which old country traditional practices founded on family love and dedication to the country land start to disappear. From 1924 until 1944, Pelin served as the conservator at the Ivan Vazov Museum, all the while continuing to write, mostly for children, and be published. In 1940, he was named president of the Union of Bulgarian Writers.
Pauline Elisabeth Ottilie Luise of Wied (29 December 1843 - 2 March 1916) was the first queen of Romania as the wife of King Carol I from 15 March 1881 to 27 September 1914. She had been the princess consort of Romania since her marriage to then-Prince Carol on 15 November 1869. Elisabeth was born into a German noble family. She was briefly considered as a potential bride for the future British king Edward VII, but Edward rejected her. Elisabeth married Prince Carol of Romania in 1869. Their only child, Princess Maria, died aged three in 1874, and Elisabeth never fully recovered from the loss of her daughter. When Romania became a kingdom in 1881, Elisabeth became queen, and she was crowned together with Carol that same year. Elisabeth was a prolific writer under the name Carmen Sylva.
Elisaveta Ivanova Karamihailova was a Bulgarian physicist of a Bulgarian father and an English mother, who was born in 1897 in Vienna. She was among the handful of female nuclear physics pioneers at the beginning of the 20th century, established the first practical courses of particle physics in Bulgaria, and was the first woman to hold a professorial title in the country. In 1931, Karamichailova and Marietta Blau observed a specific type of previously unknown radiation emitted from polonium, which would later be confirmed by James Chadwick as neutron radiation, leading to his discovery of neutrons. Her studies also involved cosmic rays. She used photographic plates to continue her work in this field, which she had collaborated on with Marietta Blau. She attempted to continue the study of multiple ionization, but this was impossible without the sophisticated equipment she had access to while in England.
Emanuil K. Vaskidovich is a Bulgarian Revival educator, writer and public figure. He was born in 1795 under the name Manolaki Vaskidi in the town of Melnik, which at that time had a predominantly Greek population. In 1815 in Svishtov he founded the first Hellenic-Bulgarian school in the Bulgarian lands, today's Aleko Konstantinov High School, and later organized the first school library in Bulgaria, where he left his 800 volumes of literature.
Princess Eudoxia of Bulgaria (5 January 1898 - 4 October 1985) was the eldest daughter and third child of King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma. She was a devoted sister and confidante to King Boris III. Princess Eudoxia never married; although, there were persistent rumors that she wished to marry a man of Bulgarian descent, which was dynastically unacceptable at that time. She devoted her life to Bulgaria and acted as First Lady of the Land until King Boris III married Princess Giovanna of Savoy. After 9 September 1944, Princess Eudoxia was arrested and tortured by the Communists. She was released and allowed to flee the country with the rest of the royal family. She later settled in Germany, where she lived close to her sister Princess Nadezhda. She died on 4 October 1985, at the age of 87.
Evelyn Holt (3 October 1908 - 22 February 2001, born Edith Toni Elsbeth Wenckens, was a German actress. She quickly advanced to starring roles alongside Gustav Fröhlich and Hans Albers. After singing lessons, she was committed in 1931 as a soubrette at the Grosses Schauspielhaus in Berlin. However, the Nazi takeover ended her film career after six successful years, since she was allegedly half-Jewish. Holt was prohibited from appearing in films. She still enjoyed engagements as a soubrette at the Komische Oper in Berlin. When Jewish publisher Felix Guggenheim married her in 1936, it was no longer possible. In 1938 the couple emigrated first to Switzerland, then in 1940 to England, and later to the United States. Evelyn Holt remained in the United States until the end of her life.
Evgenia Pavlova Boncheva, better known by her pseudonym Evgenia Mars, is a Bulgarian writer, translator and social activist. She is known as the inspiration of Ivan Vazov. She was born in a family of a merchant and a teacher on August 25, 1877. Her parents are Pavel Bonchev and Ekaterina Boncheva, and her paternal relative is the opera singer and teacher Hristo Brambarov. Initially, her family lived in Samokov, then moved to Sofia. She studied at the First Sofia State Girls' High School until 1895. Her education was to continue in Zagreb, but was thwarted by her early engagement. On May 28, 1895, the 18-year-old Boncheva married the 34-year-old dentist Dr. Mikhail Elmazov. Two sons were born to the couple - Vladimir and Pavel. Their son Pavel Elmazov became a famous opera singer at the Sofia Opera. She was elected president of the Union of Bulgarian Women in Art and Culture in 1927. In the 1940s, the writer suffered from heart problems. Died of myocarditis on April 26, 1945.
Evstratiy Ivanov Geshov is a Bulgarian financier. He was born on January 2, 1884 in Plovdiv in the family of the financier and politician Ivan Evstratiev Geshov from the Geshov family. In 1900, he graduated from the First Men's High School in Sofia, and in 1905 - economics in Paris. After a stay in London, he returned to Bulgaria and took part in the management of family businesses. In 1922, he married Anka Gubidelnikova, daughter of the banker Georgi Gubidelnikov. He was elected a member of the management of the Bulgarian National Bank and the Bulgarian Red Cross. He is the chairman of the insurance company "Balkan", a director of the Bulgarian Commercial Bank and a member of the International Union of Bankers in Switzerland. After September 9, 1944, he was interned in Troyan. Eustratiy Geshov died in 1959.
Feodor Ivanovich Chaliapin (February 13 1873 - April 12, 1938) was a Russian opera singer. Possessing a deep and expressive bass voice, he enjoyed an important international career at major opera houses and is often credited with establishing the tradition of naturalistic acting in his chosen art form. During the first phase of his career, Chaliapin endured direct competition from three other great basses: the powerful Lev Sibiriakov (18691942), the more lyrical Vladimir Kastorsky (18711948), and Dmitri Buchtoyarov (18661918), whose voice was intermediate between those of Sibiriakov and Kastorsky. The fact that Chaliapin is far and away the best remembered of this magnificent quartet of rival basses is a testament to the power of his personality, the acuteness of his musical interpretations, and the vividness of his performances.
Ferdinand I, born Ferdinand Maximilian Carl Leopold Maria Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, was Prince of Bulgaria, from July 7, 1887 to September 22, 1908, when the Independence of Bulgaria was declared, and King of Bulgaria - from September 22, 1908 until his abdication on October 3. 1918. He ruled Bulgaria for 31 years and thus became the longest reigning monarch in the Third Bulgarian State.
Count Ferdinand Adolf Heinrich August von Zeppelin (8 July 1838 in Konstanz - 8 March 1917 in Berlin) was a German inventor and aviation pioneer. He was the son of Marshal Friedrich von Zeppelin and Amélie Macaire d'Hogguer. In 1853 he began his polytechnic studies, and two years later he began his military career, which he would conclude as a general. During the Franco-Prussian War, he saw how the French used balloons for observation and communication. From 1891 Zeppelin worked on building an airship. In 1895 he patented the Zeppelin named after him, a cigar-shaped "lighter-than-air" flying craft, filled with hydrogen and intended to be the first dirigible balloon for mass transport of commercial loads and people. The zeppelin was extremely popular before the First World War, despite many setbacks, and not only in Germany. The initially peaceful invention was misused by the German armed forces between 1914 and 1915 to bomb Ličge, Antwerp and London.
Fotina (Fota) Petrova Sarafova-Nikolcheva is a Bulgarian writer and co-editor of the magazine "Rural People's Library". Fotina Sarafova was born on August 25, 1915, in the city of Breznik and after completing primary education, her family moved to Sofia. Here she finished high school and a pedagogical course, after which she became a teacher. In 1934, she married the financial specialist and writer Nikolay Nikolchev, with the pseudonym Nikolay Rodopski. Later they moved and worked in the countryside, first in the village of Dorkovo, and then in Lesichovo. At the beginning of the 90s, she met the writer Delcho Chaprazov, who inspired her to write her first work, the collection, which was published in 1995. Fotina Sarafova died on January 16, 1999, in Sofia.
Georgi Todorov Chapkanov, known as Chapa, is a Bulgarian sculptor, illustrator and set designer. He was born on January 24, 1943 in Valchi Dol, Varna region. He graduated from the Art High School in Sofia and VIII Nikolai Pavlovich in Sofia, majoring in Sculpture. He specializes in Paris. Georgi Chapkanov is a professor at the Academy of Arts, head of the Department of Artistic Metal Processing. His works are exhibited in the Hermitage in St. Petersburg, the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, the National Art Gallery, the Sofia City Art Gallery, the building of the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne and others.
Georgi Stoimenov Chaprashikov is a Bulgarian merchant, public figure and revolutionary. Georgi Chaprashikov was born in 1842 in Gorna Jumaya, then in the Ottoman Empire, today Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria. He is the brother of Ivan Chaprashikov. He is an active member of the Gornojumai Bulgarian Church Municipality. He became a member of the revolutionary committee in Gorna Jumaya and participated in the preparation of the April Uprising in 1876. After betrayal in the village of Padesh, he was captured together with Mite Markov and Georgi Mitsiev. He was arrested and sentenced in Sofia to death by hanging, but later released after a ransom. After Gorna Jumaya remained within the borders of the Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of Berlin, Chaprashikov emigrated to Dupnitsa. He is the father of Krum Chaprashikov and Stefan Chaprashikov. Georgi Chaprashikov died in 1887 in Dupnitsa.
Georgi Dimitrov Mihaylov is a Bulgarian and Soviet politician, leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party and chairman of the Comintern. Dimitrov was born in 1882 in the Radomir village of Kovachevtsi to a family of refugees from Ottoman Macedonia, but grew up in Sofia. Justified at the Leipzig trial, Dimitrov has lived in the Soviet Union since 1934, where he headed the Comintern. Over the next decade, in close cooperation with Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, he played a central role in coordinating the world communist movement. Georgi Dimitrov returned to Bulgaria in 1945 and headed the emerging totalitarian regime in the country, having been Prime Minister since 1946. He took an active part in the liquidation of the opposition and became the subject of a large-scale cult of personality, which persisted after his death. After years of various health problems, he died in 1949 in the Barvikha sanatorium near Moscow.
Georgi Tasov Futekov is a Bulgarian priest. He was born around 1830. His family moved from the village of Patalenitsa to Panagyurishte. Since the 1850s he has been a priest in Panagyurishte. With the income from the church he supports the local cell school. He is also involved in mutafchiystvo. During the April Uprising he was beheaded by Turks in the yard of his house, where he was buried. He is married to Nona Nalbanska, from whom he has six children: Raina, Atanas, Maria, Vasil, Pena and Zahari.
Georgi Hristov Genev was born on February 15, 1869, in the city of Sevlievo and graduated from the University in Lausanne. He was a Bulgarian engineer, and one of the founders of the Bulgarian Engineering and Architecture Society. In the period from 1932 until 1933, he was the chairman of the Bulgarian Engineering and Architecture Society. He donated 1,5 million Bulgarian leva for the construction of the House of Technology. He passed away on November 24, 1949, in Sofia, at the age of 80.
Georgi Georgiev Gubidelnikov is a Bulgarian financier. He was born on November 13, 1885 in Ruse in the family of financier Georgi Gubidelnikov. In 1903, he graduated from the Ruse Boys' High School, and then - law at the University of Zagreb. After returning to Bulgaria, he worked as a lawyer in the office of his uncle Teodor Teodorov, after which he started his own practice. Participates in the management of family businesses, was elected chairman of the Union of Joint Stock Companies in Bulgaria. After the death of his father in 1938, he headed the Bulgarian Commercial Bank until its nationalization by the communist regime. His daughter is the art critic Tanya Wellmans. Georgi Gubidelnikov died on March 30, 1952.
Georgi Andreev Georgov (Gergov) is a Bulgarian merchant, public figure, agricultural activist, member of the Macedonian Supreme Committee, politician from the Democratic Party, in whose life he took an active part. Georgi Georgov was born on March 8, 1858 in the active Bulgarian city of Veles, then in the Ottoman Empire. He is the son of the prominent Veleska public figure Andrey Georgiov and the brother of Ilia Georgov and Ivan Georgov. After the establishment of the Principality of Bulgaria, in 1879, at the invitation of the government, he became deputy head of the service for agriculture and forests at the Ministry of Finance. From 1883 to 1888, Georgov was engaged in the import and trade of agricultural machinery and varietal seeds. Under the Government of Dragan Tsankov in 1883, he was appointed secretary of the Council of Ministers and remained in the post for nearly a year. He is an activist of the Democratic Party and was elected as a representative of the people. In 1903, he was a director of the New York Insurance Company. Around 1885, he bought and turned into a beautiful building the building on Knyaz Alexander Dondukov Boulevard, known as the Tetevenski Inns. He died in 1929 in Sofia.
Georgi Yakovlev Kirkov is a Bulgarian mathematician and cartographer. Georgi Kirkov was born on April 24, 1848 in the city of Pleven. He studied in Russia from 1868. He completed his secondary education at the boarding school of Todor Minkov in the city of Nikolaev. He studied physics and mathematics in St. Petersburg. Due to the harsh climate, he moved to Odessa, where he completed his higher education. He works as a teacher in the high school of the city of Simferopol. During the Provisional Russian Government, he was an assistant to the Sofia Governor Pyotr Alabin. Chairman of the Sofia District Court. Member of Parliament in the Constituent Assembly. Director of the Higher Cartographic Institute, the State Printing Office and the National Library. Full member of the Bulgarian Literary Society since 1884. Author of the first biography of Vasil Levski, published in 1882.
Georgi Kiselinchev was the author of some of the most famous stone sculptures and facades in Sofia. The master stonemason was born in the Kostur village of Kosinets, Aegean Macedonia. He learned the craft from his father and later studied in Italy. He is the brother of the famous Kostur voivode Lazar Kiselinchev. Georgi Kiselinchev leads the stone work on the Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky and the Russian Church of St. Nicholas.
Georgi (Gotse) Petrov Radev has been a Bulgarian diplomat since the beginning of the 20th century. Gotse Radev was born in 1874 in the large western Macedonian town of Bitola, then in the Ottoman Empire. Gotse Radev graduated from the Greek High School in Bitola and law at the University of Athens in 1888. He works as a clerk in the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Around 1904 he became head of the political department in the ministry. In 1914 he was the manager of the Bulgarian legation in Athens. In 1921 - 1922 he was Minister Plenipotentiary in Switzerland, in 1922 - 1925 in Italy and in 1923 - 1925 in Spain with headquarters in Rome. He then served as Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Religions from 1931 to 1935.
Georgi Stoykov Rakovski (1821 - 1867), known also Georgi Sava Rakovski, born Sabi Stoykov Popovich, was a 19th-century Bulgarian revolutionary, freemason, writer and an important figure of the Bulgarian National Revival and resistance against Ottoman rule. He was born in Kotel to a wealthy and patriotic family. He attended monastery schools in his hometown and in Karlovo, and in 1837, went to study in the Greek Orthodox College in Istanbul. He penned his best-known work, Gorski Patnik (translated as A Traveller in the Woods or Forest Wanderer), while hiding from Turkish authorities near Kotel during the Crimean War (185356). Considered one of the first Bulgarian literary poems, it was not actually published until 1857. In 1861 he was organizing a Bulgarian legion in Belgrade, where he met voivode Đuro Matanović to negotiate a simultaneous rebellion in Bulgaria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Albania, and traveled through Europe recruiting support for his country's cause.
Georgi Konstantinov Sarafov was a Bulgarian doctor and politician. He was born in 1848 in Tarnovo. His brothers are the politician Mikhail Sarafov and the officer Ivan Sarafov. Georgi Sarafov is one of the founders of the Bulgarian Red Cross, for some time he was its chairman. In 1908 he was mayor of Sofia for several days. He died in 1915.
Georgi Avramov Silyanovski is a Bulgarian and Russian officer. He was born on March 1, 1857 in the town of Krushevo, Macedonia. He studied in Ohrid and Belgrade. He graduated with honors from the Military School in Sofia in 1879. He served in the artillery of the Bulgarian Army. In 1884 or 1886 he graduated from the Higher Officers' School in St. Petersburg. He served in the Fourteenth Artillery Brigade of the Russian Army in Chisinau. In 1885 he served as commander in the Serbo-Bulgarian War. He took part in the coup of August 9, 1886 against Prince Alexander I Battenberg. After the counter-coup he emigrated to Russia and served in the Russian army. In 1929 he returned to Bulgaria and lived in Sofia. He is the author of books with memoirs, works on the theory and technique of artillery. Georgi Silyanovski died in 1944 in Sofia.
Georgi Hristov Tomalevski is a Bulgarian writer, essayist, novelist and publicist, one of the founders of the Essayist Society in Bulgaria, and an activist of the Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary Organization. Georgi Tomalevski was born on September 16, 1897 in Krushevo, then in the Ottoman Empire. He studied at the primary school "St. St. Cyril and Methodius" in Merjan neighborhood, where his teacher is Evtim Sprostranov. After the death of his father in November 1913, he studied at the Technical School in Sofia, where he was a classmate of Hristo Smirnenski. During the First World War, he was a clerk at the Bulgarian Military Mission in Berlin. In 1922, Georgi met Petar Danov and became close to the Universal White Brotherhood.
Georgi Minchov Vazov is a Bulgarian and Russian officer (Lieutenant General), Minister of War. He was among the main organizers of the pro-Russian coup of 1886, aimed at dethroning Prince Alexander I of Battenberg. During the Balkan War, he commanded the Eastern Sector during the siege of Edirne, where the offensive that led to the capture of the city took place.
Giovanna of Italy (13 November 1907 - 26 February 2000), Giovanna Elisabetta Antonia Romana Maria, was an Italian princess of the House of Savoy who later became the Tsaritsa of Bulgaria by marriage to Boris III of Bulgaria. Giovanna was born in Rome, the third daughter and the fourth of five children of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Queen Elena, former Princess of Montenegro. Giovanna married Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria in the Basilica of St Francis of Assisi, Assisi in October 1930, in a Roman Catholic ceremony, attended by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Bulgarians deemed her a good match, partly because her mother, Elena of Montenegro, was of Slavic ethnicity. She and Boris had two children: Marie Louise of Bulgaria, born in January 1933, and then the future Simeon II of Bulgaria in 1937.
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (15 December 1832 - 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer. A graduate of École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, he made his name with various bridges for the French railway network, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, designed by his company and built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, and his contribution to building the Statue of Liberty in New York. After his retirement from engineering, Eiffel focused on research into meteorology and aerodynamics, making significant contributions in both fields.
Hadji Nikoli Hadjidimov Minchoolu is a prominent merchant, an active fighter for an independent Bulgarian church. Hadji Nikoli comes from an old Tarnovo family. Born on February 17, 1826 in the family of Hadji Dimo Kozhuharya - fur trader. Thanks to his wealthy father, little Nikoli managed to get a solid education for his time. He left Tarnovo and settled down in Constantinople. He kept active correspondence with representatives from all towns in Bulgaria and protected the rights of the Bulgarian Orthodox population.
Haralampi Konstantinov Tachev was a Bulgarian painter and decorator. In 1902 he graduated from the first class of the State School of Painting in Sofia (now the National Academy of Arts) in the class of Ivan Markvichka, who also taught him in Plovdiv, while Tachev was still a student. In 1903 he became one of the founders and first chairman of the Contemporary Art Society. He paints landscapes, makes illustrations for newspapers and calendars, as well as designs for banknotes, stamps and diplomas. He was commissioned to design the Bulgarian pavilions at nine world exhibitions. The facades and interiors of many public buildings in Bulgaria are designed by Tachev.
Hilarion of Makariopolis, born Stoyan Stoyanov Mihaylovski, was a 19th-century Bulgarian cleric and one of the leaders of the struggle for an autonomous Bulgarian church. He was born in Elena in 1812 to a prominent Bulgarian family. Mihaylovski received substantial schooling for the period, initially in his native town and later at the Greek school in Arbanasi. He became a monk in the Hilandar Monastery on Mount Athos in 1832 and continued his education at the school of noted Greek enlightener Theophilos Kairis on the island of Andros, later studying for two years at a famous high school in Athens. Since 1844, he guided the Bulgarian church struggle from Constantinople together with Neofit Bozveli and was exiled to Mount Athos between 1845 and 1850. Since 1872, he was the Metropolitan of Tarnovo and died in Constantinople on 4 June 1875. He was buried in the yard of the Bulgarian St Stephen Church in the city.
Hristaki Pavlovich, with the spiritual name Hrisant, is a Bulgarian Revival teacher and writer. Hristaki Pavlovic was born in Dupnitsa in 1804 into a wealthy family. He received his primary education in Dupnitsa, and then in the Rila Monastery, where he became a Rassophore named Chrysanthemum. Between 1825 and 1828 he studied in Melnik with the teacher Adam Tsapek from Metsovo, and between 1828 and 1830 he studied in Siar with the teacher Argiriadis. He studied the ancient Greek philosophers and proved to be an excellent church singer. He returned to the Rila Monastery and was assigned the position of librarian. In 1831, on the recommendation of Abbot Joseph, he went to Svishtov, where in the same year he established a secular school, which educated a number of prominent Bulgarian Revivalists, and in 1841 a girls' school.
Hristo Minchev Belchev is a Bulgarian politician from the People's Liberal Party. As a poet, he used the pseudonym Chebel. Hristo Belchev was born in 1857 in the town of Tarnovo. He graduated from Tarnovsko class school in 1869 and grammar school in Zagreb between 1872 and 1876, where he published poems in the Croatian language. From 1885 to 1890 he was a clerk in the Ministry of Finance, holding the positions of chief auditor and chief secretary. In 1890, he became the Minister of Finance in the government of Stefan Stambolov. Hristo Belchev is married to the poet Mara Belcheva. In 1891, he was killed in the center of Sofia during an attempt on the Prime Minister.
Hristo Botev, was a Bulgarian revolutionary and poet. Botev is widely considered by Bulgarians to be a symbolic historical figure and national hero. His poetry is a prime example of the literature of the Bulgarian National Revival, though he is considered to be ahead of his contemporaries in his political, philosophical, and aesthetic views.
Hristo Stoyanov Lagadinov is a Bulgarian revolutionary close to the ideas of Ivan Mihailov's Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. Hristo Lagadinov was born in Mehomiya, today Razlog. He comes from a poor family. In 1936, together with Petar Polezhanov, Georgi Elchinov, Boris Jolev, Iliya Dangulov and Krastyo Rashev, they created a secret youth formation - the Macedonian Youth Organization "Macedonian Eagles". On the holiday of the Holy Spirit of Macedonia, several bombs are thrown in the Golak area, and Lagadinov hangs a banner in the city with the inscription "Macedonia in chains. 1893-1903-1936". The participants in the action were later caught and tried, but after it was established that they had no direct connection with the military-banned VMRO, the group was released. He is from the group in the MPO, together with Petar Acev, Todor Chukalev, Hristo Nizamov, Hristo Anastasov, Ivan Lebamov and Georgi Lebamov, which opposes the authoritarianism of Ivan Mihailov. He died on August 19, 1984 in Brazil.
Hristo Gruev Danov is a Bulgarian Revival teacher and writer, the founder of book publishing in Bulgaria. He was born on July 27, 1828 in the town of Klisura. In 1857, together with the teacher Yacho (Joakim) Truvchev and the bookbinder Nyagul Boyadzhiiski, he founded the "Social Bookbinder". Gradually, the company grew into a bookstore and publishing house. In 1882 he became a Member of Parliament in the Regional Assembly of Eastern Rumelia. He was mayor of the city of Plovdiv from November 2, 1896 to April 12, 1899. Danov refuses to receive a salary for his work as mayor. During his tenure, the first urban plan of Plovdiv was drawn up by architect Josif Schnitter. He died on December 11, 1911.
Hristo Petkov is a Bulgarian violinist and music pedagogue. He was born on March 22, 1883 in the family of the Bulgarian statesman and lawyer Dobri Petkov. In Sofia he studied violin with Josef Schwertner. After graduating from high school, he went to France, where he studied law. At the same time he studied violin at the Lyon Conservatory. At the beginning of 1924 he returned to Sofia. He founded a music studio where he teaches violin, solfeggio and music theory. Petkov has extensive knowledge in luthiery. Contributes to the development of Bulgarian luthiers Ivan Kaloferov, Ivan Metodiev and Trifon Denev.
Hristo Arapnakov Stanishev was born on December 24, 1863, in the city of Kukush. He was a Bulgarian engineer, among the prominent specialists in the field of construction in post-liberation Bulgaria, the founders of the Bulgarian Engineering and Architecture Society. At the same time, he was among the leaders of the Supreme Macedonian-Odrina Committee, and in the period between 1901 and 1903, he was its chairman. He is a member of the Macedonian Scientific Institute and a Masonic lodge. In 1933, he presided over the Great Macedonian Council in Gorna Jumaya. Stanishev is the vice-chairman of the Management Committee of the Macedonian Cultural House in Sofia. He was declared an honorary citizen of Sofia.
Iliya Andreev Georgov was a Bulgarian politician, lawyer and journalist, activist of the Radical Party. Iliya Georgov was born in 1860 in the awake Bulgarian town of Veles, today within the borders of Northern Macedonia. He was the son of the prominent Veles public figure Andrey Georgov and the brother of Ivan Georgov and Georgi Georgov. In 1881 he graduated from the Polytechnic at the Prague Technical University and became a prominent Slavophile. He joined the Macedonian Supreme Committee and in 1895 became its secretary. He joined the Democratic Party. On February 17, 1902, with 5120 votes, he was elected for the first time a deputy in the XI Ordinary National Assembly from Vidin. Later he was an MP from Vidin in several parliaments. After the May 19 coup in 1934, he stood in the camp of the legal opposition, but due to his advanced age he gradually withdrew from political activity.
Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov (17 October 1891, in Razgrad - 1 February 1945, in Sofia) was a leading Bulgarian politician who briefly served as Prime Minister during the Second World War. After a career as a diplomat, he was chosen by the Council of Regents, who at the time had power in Bulgaria, to form a government capable of negotiating peace. He saw his mission as removing Bulgaria from the war before the arrival of the Red Army and so attempted to open negotiations with the Western Allies. He also opened dialogue with Jewish leaders in an attempt to end anti-Jewish legislation. However, the coup by Michael I of Romania on August 23, 1944 severely damaged this plan as it ended effective Romanian resistance and allowed the Red Army a free hand to advance into Bulgaria. After the Communist-led Fatherland front came to power he was amongst those tried for war crimes by the People's Court and executed on 1 February 1945 along with the regents of Bulgaria and other ministers and deputies. The verdict was revoked only in 1996 by Supreme Court.
Ivan Mihaylov Bitrakov, alias Zima, is a Bulgarian revolutionary, a member of the Internal Macedonian-Edrina Revolutionary Organization. Ivan Bitrakov was born in the city of Ohrid, then in the Ottoman Empire, into the great Ohrid family of the Bitrakovs. He is the brother of the Bulgarian revivalist Alexander Bitrakov. He works as a Bulgarian primary teacher in Thessaloniki and joins VMORO. In 1905, he was sentenced to death by the Ottoman authorities. He is in Bitola prison together with Greek captain Kote Hristov. Instead of the sentence being carried out, in 1906 he was exiled to Fezzan, the city of Murzuk. After the Young Turk Revolution of July 1908, he was amnestied and released. After that, he engaged in trade in Bulgaria. At the outbreak of the Balkan War in 1912, he was a volunteer in the Macedonian-Odrina militia. In 1943 he visited Ohrid, then within the borders of the Kingdom of Bulgaria. He died the same year in Sofia.
Ivan Dimitrov Burov is a Bulgarian banker, one of the leading financiers in the country in the first half of the 20th century. Ivan Burov was born as the first son on May 14, 1873 in Gorna Oryahovitsa in the family of the prominent merchant Dimitar Burov and his wife Kinka Poptodorova. He graduated from the Academy of Commerce in Vienna and then worked at the Credit Lyon branch in Marseille. Fluent in German, French, Russian and English. After returning to Bulgaria, he settled in Svishtov, where he worked at the Bulgarian Commercial Bank. For more than 20 years he has been chairman of the Union of Bulgarian Industrialists and participates in the management of the Union of Joint Stock Companies.
Ivan Stoimenov Chaprashikov is a Bulgarian merchant, public figure and revolutionary. Ivan Chaprashikov was born in 1854 or 1858 in Gorna Jumaya, then in the Ottoman Empire, now Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria, in the family of the tobacco merchant Stoimen Chaprashikov, who founded the Orient Tabaco company in 1864, dealing in tobacco trade in Greece and Minor Asia. He studied in Gorna Jumaya. He runs the business inherited by Stoimen Chaprashikov, and his brother Georgi Chaprashikov is engaged in buying tobacco. During the Provisional Russian Government after the end of the Russo-Turkish war, he was the chairman of the Gornojumai city council. After Gorna Jumaya remained within the borders of the Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of Berlin, Chaprashikov moved to Dupnitsa, where he was elected city councilor several times. He is one of the founders of the local organization of the Democratic Party. In the city, he was engaged in the tobacco trade, and in 1887 he opened a flour and bran factory. In addition to tobacco, he also traded in furs, supplied the palace with foodstuffs and engaged in usury, accumulating considerable wealth. After his death on April 28, 1908 in Dupnitsa, he gave considerable sums to charity.
Ivan Nikolaevich Denkoglu, born Ivan Nenov Denkov, was a Bulgarian entrepreneur and philanthropist during the Renaissance. He was born in 1781 in a poor peasant family of Neno and Maria from the Sofia village of Balsha. In the beginning, the enterprising young man began trading in goods from the Ottoman Empire, and step by step he climbs the ladder and started banking operations and something that no other Bulgarian of that time did, trade in Siberian furs. In 1859, Denkoglu said that he already wanted to give up trade, as he was rich enough, but he did not do so until the end of his life. Denkoglu gives a large part of his fortune to charity. He died of a stroke on 16 (or 13 May) 1861 in Moscow, and was buried in the Pyatnitsky Cemetery.
Ivan Genadiev, called Harmosin, is a Bulgarian public figure, teacher and writer, an actor of the late Bulgarian revival in Macedonia. Ivan Genadiev was born around 1830 in Ohrid, then in the Ottoman Empire, in the family of Archimandrite Gennadiy, future Metropolitan of Veles. He graduated from the grade school in Bitola, where his father was proto-single of the metropolitan, and studied Greek philology at the University of Athens. After the death of his father, Ivan Genadiev settled in Tsarigrad, and from 1876 he was a history and music teacher at the Plovdiv High School. After 1878, he was the secretary of the Metropolitan of Plovdiv. In 1887, he published "Married. A book on kinship and other relations of marriage'. In his manuscript legacy, he left ecclesiastical collections and a satirical comedy written in Greek.
Ivan Andreev Georgov was born on January 7, 1862 in the town of Veles. He completed his secondary education at a civic and pedagogical school in Vienna (1875-1881). He studied philosophy in Jena and Geneva (1883-1888). He defended his doctorate at the University of Leipzig (1889). Full member of the BCD (1902), and from 1928-1936 he was chairman of the Historical and Philological Branch of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Lecturer at Sofia University as a full professor and head of the Department of History of Philosophy (1892-1934), he was twice dean of the Faculty of History and Philology and was elected rector of the University several times. In 1912-1913 he participated in the censorship section of the Ministry of War and in the Union of Bulgarian Scientists, Writers and Artists (1917-1918). Corresponding member of the National Institute and the Jean-Jacques Rousseau Institute in Geneva since 1910. After the First World War he became a member of the National Committee of the Union of Emigrant Organizations in Bulgaria. He was elected chairman of the Macedonian Scientific Institute (1924-1930). He died on August 13, 1936 in Sofia.
Ivan Evstratiev Geshov (20 February 1849 - 11 March 1924) was a Bulgarian politician who served as Bulgarian Prime Minister. He was born in Plovdiv to a family of merchants originally from Karlovo. Geshov was educated at the Bulgarian Sts. Cyrill and Methodius High School in Plovdiv, as well as at Owens College in Manchester (1866-1869), where he studied logic and political economy under Stanley Jevons. He served as governor of the Bulgarian National Bank from 1883 onwards he became recognized as one of the country's leading economic minds and was eventually appointed Finance Minister. Outside politics he fulfilled a number of roles, including editor of the Maritsa newspaper, founder of the Study Society and the Scientific and Literary Society and chairman of the Bulgarian Red Cross (1899-1924) and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1911-1924).
Ivan Nedev Gyuzelev is a Bulgarian enlightened worker, mathematician, politician and idealist philosopher. He was born on June 24, 1844 in Gabrovo, then the Ottoman Empire, in the family of a local merchant. He received his initial education in his hometown. In 1860, he studied at the Kherson Theological Seminary in Odessa. In 1867 he graduated from the seminary, and in 1871 from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Novorussiysk University. From 1878 he lived in Sofia, where in 1879 he was a national representative and secretary in the Constituent Assembly. From 1880 he was Minister of Public Education in the government of Dragan Tsankov, and between 1880 and 1894 he was chairman of the Supreme Court of Audit, editor of the "Church Gazette" and the magazine "Zadruzen Trud" and founder of the Official Insurance Company in Bulgaria. Associate member of the Bulgarian Literary Society since 1875 and full member since 1884.
Ivan Kolev Stoyanov (15 September 1863 in Banovka - 29 July 1917 in Vienna) was a Bulgarian lieutenant general and distinguished cavalry commander during World War I. Ivan Kolev was born in the Bessarabian village of Banovka, then part of Romania, which was founded by Bulgarian refugees from Thrace and situated about 25 kilometers to the east of Bolhrad. At the start of the First Balkan War, Ivan Kolev was serving as chief of staff of the Yambol fortified area and in November 1912 was temporarily chief of staff of the Third Army. During the Second Balkan War, he served as chief of staff of the Fifth Army. During World War I, he served initially as commander of the 10th Infantry Division but was soon returned to the cavalry when on 8 May 1916 he received the command of the 1st Cavalry Division and a few days later was made inspector general of the cavalry.
Ivan Stefanov Lazarov is a Bulgarian sculptor, Honored Artist (1952), People's Artist (1969, posthumously), academician of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences since 1941. Ivan Lazarov was born on October 2, 1889 in Karlovo. In 1912 he graduated from the State Art and Industrial School. Specialty Sculpture with Professor Zheko Spiridonov. He then specialized at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich (1917 - 1919) and at the Academy of Fine Arts in Dresden, as a scholarship holder of the Ministry of Education. In 1919 he became a teacher of painting in Sofia, and later a teacher of sculpture at the State Academy of Arts. Professor since 1924. In the 1930s he was elected rector of the State Academy of Arts and remained so until 1945.
Ivan Mihailov Gavrilov (26 August 1896 - 5 September 1990), sometimes Vancho Mihailov, was a Bulgarian revolutionary in interwar Macedonia, and the last leader of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). Under Mihailov, the IMRO became notoriously anti-communist and identified itself closely with Bulgarian nationalism, thus eliminating not only the enemies of the Bulgarian national idea in Macedonia but also its left-wing opponents within the Macedonian liberation movement. He cooperated also actively with revanchist powers, such as Mussolini's Fascist Italy, Admiral Horthy's Hungary, and Hitler's Nazi Germany. IMRO then had de facto full control of the Bulgarian part of Macedonia, which it used as a base for hit-and-run attacks against Yugoslavia and Greece.
Ivan Momchilov is a Bulgarian educator, teacher, school reformer, and author of numerous textbooks and teaching aids. Ivan Nikolov Momchilov was born on October 19, 1819, in the town of Elena. The son of a participant in the preparation of the Greek Conspiracy of 1821. He grew up as a gifted student under Andrei Robovski and was sent by his father to study at the Greek school in Tarnovo. In 1837 he went to study with the Greek pedagogue and philosopher Theophilos Kairis on the island of Andros. With established educational traditions and richly prepared soil, Ivan Momchilov founded the first Bulgarian grade school in Elena in 1844.
Ivan Mrkvička (23 April 1856 - 16 May 1938) was a Czech-born painter and an active contributor to the artistic life of newly liberated Bulgaria in the late 19th and early 20th century. He is regarded as one of the founders of the modern Bulgarian fine art tradition. Born in the village of Vidim near Mělník, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague and the Munich Academy. The painter's most significant achievements are in the everyday life genre, although he also worked in the historic painting sphere and is the author of many high-quality portraits. Mrkvička died in Prague on 16 May 1938.
Ivan Petrov Salabashev is a Bulgarian mathematician and politician from the Liberal Party in Eastern Rumelia, then in United Bulgaria from the People's Liberal Party, then from the Democratic Party. Ivan Salabashev was born in Eski Zaara (today Stara Zagora) on January 19, 1853. His brother is the prominent military figure Colonel Stefan Salabashev. He graduated from high school in Tabor, Czech Republic (1872) and mathematics at the Prague Polytechnic (1876). The topic of the development is "Cartesian curve line", which is considered to be the first original Bulgarian work in mathematics. In 1903 he joined the Democratic Party. In 1908 he became Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Alexander Malinov (1908 - 1910). Along with his fellow ministers Stefan Paprikov and Andrei Lyapchev, Salabashev represented the Bulgarian side in the negotiations for the financial settlement of Bulgaria's independence, proclaimed on September 22, 1908, and concluded them successfully, signing the Bulgarian-Russian protocol of April 1909.
Ivan Dimitrov Shishmanov is a Bulgarian philologist, writer, university lecturer and politician from the People's Liberal Party. He was born in Svishtov on June 22, 1862 in the Shishmanov family. In 1888 Shishmanov was one of the founders of the Higher School in Sofia. Since 1903 Shishmanov has been Minister of Public Education. Ivan Shishmanov is the founder and first chairman of the Bulgarian section of the Pan-European Union.
Ivan Valkov (31 January 1875, in Kazanlak, Ottoman Empire - 20 April 1962, in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria) was a Bulgarian General of Infantry who fought in World War I and later held the post of Minister of War from 1923 until 1929. Ivan Valkov was born in Kazanlak, in what was the Ottoman Empire at the time, where he finished school. In 1896 he graduated from the Sofia Military School, and in 1909 at the Nikolayev Academy of General Staff in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Valkov also graduated from an artillery academy and at the beginning of the 20th century was the only Bulgarian army officer who attended two higher education institutions. In October 1925, at the time of the Greco-Bulgarian conflict in the Petrich district, General Valkov used diplomatic rather than military means to restore the status quo.
Iwa Wanja (10 October 1905 - 26 June 1991) was a Bulgarian actress based in Germany. She moved to Berlin to pursue her career, appearing in around thirty German films. Married to Norbert Schultze, a German composer, best remembered for having written the melody of the World War II classic Lili Marleen. In 1937, Wanja appeared in the Nazi propaganda film, Urlaub auf Ehrenwort (Holiday on Parole, also known as Furlough on Parole). Sometime around 1943, she wed German film composer Norbert Arnold Wilhelm Richard Shultze. They had two sons together. During their marriage, she penned the libretti for several of his compositions for the stage.
James David Bourchier (18 December 1850 at Baggotstown near Limerick - 30 December 1920 in Sofia, Bulgaria) was an Irish journalist and political activist. He lived in Sofia from 1892 to 1915. Bourchier was an honorable member of the Sofia Journalists' Society. He acted as an intermediary between the Balkan states at the beginning and at the conclusion of the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. With his numerous publications in the British press, and in his private and social correspondence, Bourchier repeatedly voiced his sympathy towards Bulgaria and its people. Bourchier Peak on Rila Mountain, James Bourchier Boulevard and James Bourchier Metro Station in Sofia, and Bourchier Cove on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica are named after James David Bourchier.
Johann Adolf Mayerl was a German sculptor and ceramicist, active mainly in Cheb and Frantikovy Lázně. He was born in Cheb as the son of master potter and ceramist Karel Mayerl, with whom he apprenticed in 18991900. He then graduated from the ceramics school in Teplice and studied sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague under Josef Myslbek. From 1905 he worked as an independent artist in Cheb and after 1924 in Frantikovy Lázně. After 1945, on the basis of the Bene decrees, he was expelled from Czechoslovakia and lived in Schrobenhausen until his death. Johann Adolf Mayerl is considered the most important artistic personality of Cheb. After studying with Josef Václav Myslbek, he later continued the monumentalizing heroism of Franz Metzner. He is known for his robust sculpture, depicting the figure of a blacksmith worker, which represents the continuation of the French bourdello tradition. As a two-meter sandstone sculpture, it was exhibited in the 1920s in the Metzner Hall of the Modern Gallery in Prague. In Prague, Mayerl participated in the sculptural decoration of buildings built by architect Fritz Lehmann.
John "Jack" Silas Reed (October 22, 1887 - October 17, 1920) was an American journalist, poet, and communist activist. Reed first gained prominence as a war correspondent during the Mexican Revolution for Metropolitan and World War I for The Masses. He is best known for his coverage of the October Revolution in Petrograd, Russia, which he wrote about in his 1919 book Ten Days That Shook the World. Reed supported the Soviet takeover of Russia, even briefly taking up arms to join the Red Guards in 1918. He hoped for a similar Communist revolution in the United States and co-founded the short-lived Communist Labor Party of America in 1919. He died in Moscow of spotted typhus in 1920. At the time of his death, he may have soured on the Soviet leadership, but he was given a hero's burial by the Soviet Union and is one of only three Americans buried at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.
Simon Arshaki Ter-Petrosian (27 May 1882 - 14 July 1922), better known by his nom de guerre of Kamo, was an Old Bolshevik revolutionary and an early companion to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. From 1903 to 1912, Kamo, a master of disguise, carried out a number of militant operations on behalf of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, mostly in Georgia, then part of the Russian Empire. He is best known for his central role in the 1907 Tiflis bank robbery, organized by Bolshevik leaders to raise funds for their party activities. For his militant activities he was arrested in Berlin in 1907 but feigned insanity both in German and later Russian prisons, eventually escaping from prison and fleeing the country. He was recaptured in 1912 after another attempted armed robbery and sentenced to death. The death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment as part of the celebrations of the Romanov Tercentenary. Kamo was released after the February 1917 Russian Revolution. He died in 1922 after being hit by a truck while riding a bicycle in Tiflis.
Karl Heinrich Marx (5 May 1818 in Trier, Prussia - 14 March 1883 in London, England) was a German political thinker who wrote about economics and politics. Marx thought that if a place that works together runs on wage labor, then there would always be class struggle. Marx thought that this class struggle would result in workers taking power. He believed that no economic classwage workers, land owners, etc. should have power over another. Marx believed that everyone should contribute what they can, and everyone should get what they need. His most famous book was the Communist Manifesto. He wrote it with Friedrich Engels in 1848. The book is about the ideas and aims of communism. His ideas are called Marxism.
Kemal Atatürk was a Turkish marshal and statesman who was the first President of Turkey from 1923 to his death in 1938. He is known for being a leader who freed his people from being controlled by other countries. He also started changes that founded the Turkish nation-state based on social and economic nationalism, which was modern and similar to Western civilization. While the Ottoman Empire was collapsing after the war, Atatürk organized a nationalist movement that created the new, secular Republic of Turkey. That meant that the country's government was no longer led by hereditary or religious leaders.
Khariton Karpuzov (b. September 14, 1827, Ilinden d. June 20, 1899, Sofia), archimandrite of the BOC, a figure in the autocephalous movement of the Bulgarian Church. He was born on September 14, 1827 in the village of Ilinden. He studied at the monastery of St. John the Baptist near the city of Serres. After a conflict with the Greek bishop, he returned to his native village, where he became a priest. He serves in a local church, where he conducts services in Bulgarian. For this he was condemned by the Greek clergy and exiled to the island of Rhodes. In 1865, a year after the exile, he was released. In 1871-1873, he was the head of the Bulgarian community of Neurokop. Died in 1899 in Sofia.
Kimon Georgiev Stoyanov is a Bulgarian officer and politician. Born in 1882 in Tatar Pazardzhik in a middle class family, he became an officer in the Bulgarian Army. He appeared during the Balkan War, and during the First World War he commanded a company in the battle at the turn of Cherna, where he was severely wounded and lost one eye. In 1934, Zveno and the Military Union carried out the May 19 coup, after which Kimon Georgiev became Prime Minister, but at the beginning of the following year they were isolated from the government by the actions of Tsar Boris III. In the following years Georgiev became closer to the Communists and joined the Patriotic Front, founded in 1942. He was an active participant in the September 9 coup in 1944, when he became prime minister again. In the years of the imposition of the totalitarian regime, Kimon Georgiev demonstrated loyalty to the Bulgarian Communist Party and, although removed from the post of prime minister in 1946, held various minor political positions for the rest of his life.
Kipra Petrova Sarafova, is a Bulgarian teacher from Macedonia. Kipra Sarafova and her sister Ekaterina (the first-born child in the family) were among the first students to enter the Thessaloniki Bulgarian Girls' High School. Ekaterina, although quite young, taught for a short time in Nevrokop; died only 16 years old. In 1888, the Sarafov family moved to Sofia. She graduated from the Institute of Applied Arts in Vienna in Austria, after which she returned to Bulgaria and worked as a high school teacher. Around 1894, she was a teacher in Edirne. She married Ivan Hadjigeorgiev, who died in 1902 at the age of 27, shortly after the birth of their only child, Zlatka. After his death, Kipra and the child lived with her brother Boris Sarafov, and after his murder, with her brother Nikola Sarafov. She was a German language teacher at the Sofia School of Saints Sedmochiselnitsi for many years until her retirement. She died in 1962.
Kiril Borisov Drangov is a Bulgarian lawyer, terrorist and revolutionary, prominent member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. He is known by pseudonyms such as Borisov, Kamen, Metodi, Strahil. Kiril Drangov was born in 1901 in the family of the Bulgarian officer Boris Drangov and Raina Drangova in Lom. He joined the ranks of VMRO and was among the founders of the Vardar student society, and later its chairman. In VMRO, Drangov became one of Ivan Mihailov's closest figures. After the September 9th coup, Kiril Drangov hid in Sofia, wanted by the new government, which dealt with the members of the VMRO. On June 8, 1946, Drangov's house on Tsar Ivan Shishman Street, behind the church of Saint Sedmochiselnitsi, was surrounded. The forty-five-year-old man committed suicide, having previously shot some of the law enforcement officers surrounding him.
Prince Kiril of Bulgaria (Sofia, 17 November 1895 - 1 February 1945), Prince of Preslav, was the second son of Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and the younger brother of King Boris III. After the mysterious death of Tsar Boris III on August 28, 1943, a regency council for the young King Simeon was established, consisting of Prince Cyril, Prime Minister Bogdan Filov and War Minister General Nikola Michov. The regents were deposed in 1944 by the new government of the Fatherland Front and executed on February 1, 1945.
Kiril Minchov Vazov is a Bulgarian doctor and public figure, brother of the national poet Ivan Vazov and of General Vladimir Vazov. He was born in 1854 in Sopot. In 1863, he received a scholarship and went to study in Constantinople, where at the end of 1875 he graduated with honors from the Secondary Medical School. He took part in the Serbo-Bulgarian war. He settled and lives in Stara Zagora, where he develops active social activities. A particularly prominent figure is the Bulgarian Tourist Union. During the Balkans and the First World War, he was the head of the Military Hospital in Stara Zagora. In 1916-1917, he was the medical manager of the State Hospital. He died on October 7, 1942 in Stara Zagora.
Konstantin Josef Jireček (24 July 1854 - 10 January 1918) was an Austro-Hungarian Czech historian, politician, diplomat, and Slavist. He was the founder of Bohemian Balkanology (or Balkan Studies) and Byzantine studies and wrote extensively on Bulgarian and Serbian history. Jireček was also a minister in the government of the Principality of Bulgaria for a couple of years. Jireček Point on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Jireček. In Bulgaria, Mount Jireček, the third highest peak of the Rila mountain range, as well as two villages, also bear his name. A journal of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts bears his name. Also, streets in Novi Sad and Belgrade are named Jirečekova after him.
Konstantin Vladov Muraviev is a Bulgarian politician from the Bulgarian Agricultural People's Union, who participated in the governments overthrown in the three coups in Bulgaria in the first half of the 20th century. He was the prime minister of Bulgaria in the 62nd government, overthrown after the September 9 coup in 1944. He was a national representative in the three different Ordinary National Assemblies. He grew up under the care of his uncle Alexander Stamboliyski, whose wife Milena was his mother's sister.
Kostadin (Kosta) Valchov Sarafov is a Bulgarian public figure from the late Bulgarian revival in Macedonia. Sarafov was born in 1840 in the Neurokop village of Gaitaninovo in the Ottoman Empire, today in Bulgaria, in the family of Valcho Sarafov, a merchant and revivalist. He is the brother of the teacher Petar Sarafov and the uncle of the prominent revolutionary Boris Sarafov. He was one of the delegates who signed the newly adopted statute of the Bulgarian Exarchy on May 14, 1871. He is among the initiators of the creation of the High Macedonian-Edrina Committee.
Krastyo Petrov Sarafov is a prominent Bulgarian theater actor and the second chairman of the Union of Artists in Bulgaria. Sarafov was born in the village of Libyahovo, today Ilinden, Nevrokopsko. He studied in Siar, Thessaloniki, and finally graduated from the First Boys' High School in Sofia. Krastyo Sarafov's parents were firmly against him becoming an artist and sent him to study in Edirne in order to wean him from his love for the theater. In 1895, he participated in a competition for scholarships in dramatic art abroad. They accept only 4 out of 60 people and Krastyo Sarafov is among them. After he graduated with honors in 1899 he returned to Bulgaria where he became a prominent Bulgarian theater actor. In 1901, he married the actress Donka Gyuzeleva, daughter of the activist Ivan Gyuzelev.
Krum Georgiev Chaprashikov is a Bulgarian merchant, revolutionary, member of the Military Intelligence Service, mayor of Dupnitsa, deputy. Krum Chaprashikov was born in 1882 or 1883 in Dupnitsa. As a student in Dupnitsa in 1898, he was a member of the secret student circle "Borba", which is part of the Macedonian circle "Revolution". He studied at the American College in Samokov, where he became a member of VMORO. In 1906, he graduated in law in Grenoble, France. He financially supports VMORO and as a student became a Chetnik of Hristo Chernopeev. After returning to Bulgaria, he received an inheritance from his uncle Ivan Chaprashikov and started a tobacco business. He was a local leader of the Democratic Party and as such was elected mayor of Dupnitsa in 1909. Legalizes the town planning plan of the city in Sofia. During the Balkan War, he headed a detachment operating in the vanguard of the Bulgarian Army. He was successively elected as a national representative in ordinary national assemblies. He died in 1934. He leaves sums for the maintenance of the schools in Gorna Jumaya, Dupnitsa, Kocherinovo and Krumovo.
Krum Georgiev Lekarski was born in Kyustendil and graduated from the Military School and the General Staff Academy. Served as an officer in Sofia, Sliven, Shumen, and other places. He became involved in opposition activities and participated in the September 9 coup. After 1944, he was promoted to the rank of major general and became the first deputy minister of national defense. He was part of the Bulgarian delegation at the Victory Parade of the USSR over the Third Reich in Moscow. Krum Lekarski is one of the pioneers of equestrian sport in Bulgaria and an outstanding competitor. He participated in the Olympic Games in Paris, Amsterdam, Helsinki, and Rome.
Louis Charles Joseph Blériot (1 July 1872 - 1 August 1936) was a French aviator, inventor, and engineer. He developed the first practical headlamp for cars and established a profitable business manufacturing them, using much of the money he made to finance his attempts to build a successful aircraft. Blériot was the first to use the combination of hand-operated joystick and foot-operated rudder control as used to the present day to operate the aircraft control surfaces. Blériot was also the first to make a working, powered, piloted monoplane. In 1909 he became world-famous for making the first airplane flight across the English Channel, winning the prize of Ł1,000 offered by the Daily Mail newspaper. He was the founder of Blériot Aéronautique, a successful aircraft manufacturing company.
Lyudmila Mykhailivna Drahomanova (1842, Gadyach, Poltava Province - May 16, 1918, Kiev) was a Ukrainian social and cultural activist, translator, and painter. She was born in a family of descendants of a Cossack elder in the Kuchynshchyna farm near Gadyach. My father, Mykhailo, was a professor of artillery at the Vilnius Military School. Mother, Marfa Osypivna, held Olga Drahomanova to the cross. Wife of Mykhailo Drahomanov, mother of Lidia Shishmanova, Ariadna (Rada) Trush and Svitozara Drahomanov. Lesya Ukrainka's grandfather. After 1895, after the death of her husband, she helped Mykhailo Pavlykov in publishing the scientific heritage of Mykhailo Drahomanov. In 1899 , at the invitation of Olena Pchilka , she moved with her daughter Ariadna to Kiev after living aborad for many years. She lived in Kiev until the end of her life.
Lyudmila Todorova Zhivkova (26 July 1942 - 21 July 1981) was a senior Bulgarian Communist Party functionary and Politburo member. She was the daughter of Bulgarian Communist leader Todor Zhivkov and was primarily known for her interest in preserving and promoting Bulgarian arts and culture on the international stage. Zhivkova was also a controversial figure within the former Soviet Bloc because of her interest in esoteric Eastern religion and spirituality.
Marin Vassilev Selyovlev, better known by his surname Marin Vassilev was a Bulgarian sculptor and teacher of sculpture, one of the founders of sculptural art in Post-Liberation Bulgaria, along with Zheko Spiridonov and Boris Shatz. He was one of the first Bulgarians after the Liberation to receive an academic artistic education in sculpture.
Marko Minchev Yotov (chorbadji Marko from Yablanitsa) was a large Bulgarian merchant and innkeeper, a member of the Revolutionary Committee established by Vasil Levski in Yablanitsa. He was born in 1820. He was married to Vuna Draganova. He is the father of Miko Markov, Ivan Markov, Geta and Naida Markovi and Dimitar Yablanski. Chorbadji Marko is a large merchant and innkeeper in Yablanitsa. An important share in the economy of the village during the Ottoman rule was occupied by the cattle trade, which was in the hands of the Markovtsi family. Chorbadji Marko's inn was on the upper floor, above the shop, and due to the location of Yablanitsa in a key place for travelers from the Danube cities to Sofia, it was very popular. He was a member of the Revolutionary Committee in Yablanitsa, established by Vasil Levski at the end of 1870.
Maxim Maximovich Litvinov, born Meir Henoch Wallach (17 July 1876 - 31 December 1951) was a Russian revolutionary and prominent Soviet statesman and diplomat who served as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs from 1930 to 1939. A strong advocate of diplomatic agreements leading towards disarmament, Litvinov was influential in making the Soviet Union a party to the KelloggBriand Pact of 1928 and was chiefly responsible in 1929 for the adoption of the so-called Litvinov Protocol, a multilateral agreement bringing Kellogg-Briand into force between the Soviet Union and a number of neighboring states. In 1930, Litvinov was named as People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs, the highest diplomatic position in the Soviet state. During the subsequent decade, Litvinov emerged as a leading voice for the official Soviet policy of collective security with the Western powers against Nazi Germany.
Mihalaki Georgiev (August 11, 1852, Vidin - February 14, 1916, Sofia) was a Bulgarian fiction writer, public figure, diplomat, businessman. He is among the representatives of the new Bulgarian literature, who were formed as artists during the Renaissance, but fully developed after the Liberation. After the Liberation, he worked as a manager of the Vidin Customs, a customs auditor in Bulgaria, an employee in the Ministry of Public Buildings, Agriculture and Trade and in the Ministry of Finance, a diplomatic representative in Vienna and Belgrade. In 1892, he was the organizer and director of the first Bulgarian agricultural and industrial exhibition in Plovdiv. Initiator and organizer of the first Bulgarian state lottery, his signature is on all 300,000 tickets. After 1900, he was a writer, publicist and editor of the newspaper "Balkanska tribuna", a regular member of the BKD. He created and edited one of the first agricultural magazines - "Domakin". Compiled the first Bulgarian textbook on botany for secondary schools. He printed it in Belgrade in 1881.
Mihail Konstantinov Sarafov was a Bulgarian revolutionary, politician, educator and diplomat. Mihail Sarafov was born on February 26, 1854 in Tarnovo. He was a member of several governments as a representative of the Liberal Party, and later of the Progressive Liberal Party - as Education (1880 - 1881), Finance (1884, 1902 - 1903) and Minister of the Interior (1901 - 1902). His son Konstantin Sarafov was also a diplomat. Mihail Sarafov died in Sofia on December 13, 1924.
Mihail Minchov Vazov is a Bulgarian military officer, second lieutenant. Mihail Vazov was born in Sopot in 1862 in the family of Mincho and Saba Vazov, he is the brother of Ivan Vazov, gen. Georgi Vazov, gen. Vladimir Vazov. He graduated from grade school in Plovdiv. After the Liberation, in 1883 he joined the French Foreign Legion. During the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885, he fought as a non-commissioned officer from the First Sofia Infantry Regiment in the battles of Banski dol, Gurgulyat and Pirot. Died on August 9, 1886 during the counter-coup to return Prince Alexander I to the Bulgarian throne after his dethronement.
Mina Todorova, born on July 4, 1890 in the city of Elena, is the well-known lover of the poet Peyo Yavorov and the sister of the writer Petko Todorov, who later, together with Dr. Krastyo Krastev, Peyo Yavorov and Pencho Slaveykov, formed the "Thought" Circle. Mina Todorova grew up in a wealthy family. She studied in Sofia from 1904 to 1908 and met Yavorov at the Annunciation in 1906. He dedicated some of his most beautiful poems to her, such as "Annunciation", "Enchantress", "Two Beautiful Eyes", and others. Their relationship is complicated due to the reluctance of Mina's relatives for her to connect her life with Yavorov's. Also, she herself is unsure of her feelings for him and avoids him for long periods of time. A scandal arose after the publication of the cycle "Letters" in the magazine "Misl" in 1906, when Yavorov was criticized from two sides - by Mina's relatives and by Dr. Krastev, because of the frankness he allowed himself. On June 18, 1909 in Sofia was their last meeting. In September, she left for Paris with her brother Nicolas in connection with her illness - tuberculosis.
Mykhailo Petrovych Drahomanov (September 18, 1841 - July 2, 1895) was a Ukrainian intellectual and public figure. As an academic, Drahomanov was an economist, historian, philosopher, and ethnographer, while as a public intellectual he was a political theorist with socialist leanings, perhaps best known as one of the first proponents of Ukrainian autonomism. The lasting legacy of Drahomanov can be discerned in the whole Ukrainian tradition of leftist political parties and political activism. He personally influenced a handful of younger Ukrainian intellectuals in Habsburg Galicia in the late 1870s.
Miko Markov Minchev is a merchant, entrepreneur and chairman of the Yablanitsa Private Revolutionary Committee, established by Vasil Levski. He was born in 1842 in Yablanitsa in the family of chorbadji Marko Minchev. Miko is the eldest of three brothers - he, Ivan and the much younger Dimitar, later called Yablanski, and two sisters. In 1870 he was among the founders of the revolutionary committee established by Vasil Levski during his third tour of Bulgaria in the second half of the year. After the Liberation, in 1881 he was elected a member of the Orhani District Committee of the Bulgarian Militia (under the new Law on the Militia). He later became a construction contractor. He died on April 5, 1918 in Yablanitsa.
Princess Nadezhda of Bulgaria, Duchess of Saxony (30 January 1899 - 15 February 1958) was the last child of King Ferdinand I and Princess Maria-Louise, who died at birth. Sister of Tsar Boris III, Prince Kirill and Princess Evdokia. She is of the Saxe-Coburg-Goth family, house of Vetin. She was baptized in the Roman Catholic way in the palace chapel in Sofia. He is not engaged in political activity. In 1918, with her older sister, Princess Evdokia, left Bulgaria and lived in exile with her father, Tsar Ferdinand, and her brother, Prince Cyril of Preslavski, in the city of Coburg, Germany. In 1922, together with her sister, she returned to her homeland, where she remained until her marriage to Duke Albrecht-Eugen of Württemberg, after which she lived in Germany. Her last visit to Bulgaria was during the mourning ceremony and burial of her brother - Tsar Boris III in September 1943.
Naum Hristov Tomalevski was born on April 14, 1882, in Krushevo, then in the Ottoman Empire, now in North Macedonia. In 1901, Tomalevski was a student at the Bulgarian Men's High School of Bitola and joined the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization there. Persecuted by the Ottoman authorities, he fled to Sofia, Bulgaria, where he completed his education. In 1902 he became a teacher at the Bulgarian Pedagogical School in Skopje. In 1903 he took part in the Ilinden Uprising. He became a Bulgarian Exarchate teacher in Krushevo in 1904, where he was a member of the district committee of the IMRO and worked for the reconstruction of the revolutionary organization. On February 3, 1920, together with Todor Alexandrov, Alexander Protogerov, and others, he participated in the session at which a decision was made to renew the military activity in Vardar and Greek Macedonia. He was sent by VMRO on a special mission to Western Europe. Ivan Mihajlov, the leader of the other faction of the IMRO, ordered the murder of Tomalevski. On December 2, 1930, Tomalevski and his bodyguard were killed by Vlado Chernozemski and Andrey Manov in Sofia.
Nikola Ganushev was born on June 15, 1889 in Razgrad. He graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts "Albertina" in Turin in 1913 with several prizes and distinctions under Professor Giacomo Grossi and Lugi Belli. From 1913 to 1920 he was a drawing teacher in Sofia. Participated in the First World War as a military artist. From 1921 to 1923 and from 1932 to 1949 he was a professor of painting at the Art Academy in Sofia, where he taught many famous Bulgarian painters. From 1923 to 1928 he lived and worked in France. Participated in exhibitions of the Society of French Artists. Nikola Ganushev is known as a master of the naked body and the portrait. His paintings of expensively dressed socialites and ladies in evening dresses, located in a luxurious interior, show the academic style in art that Ganushev learned, characteristic of the second half of the 19th century in Western Europe.
Nikola Ivanov Genadiev is a prominent Bulgarian journalist and politician from the People's Liberal Party, known for his resistance to Bulgaria's accession to the Central Powers during the First World War. His name has been repeatedly linked to corruption scandals. Nikola Genadiev was born on November 19, 1868 in the town of Bitola. He is the son of the Bulgarian educator Ivan Genadiev Harmosin, the brother of the journalist Hariton Genadiev, and the uncle of the artist Vasilka Genadieva. Together with Vasil Radoslavov and Dimitar Tonchev, Nikola Genadiev was among the initiators of the formation of Radoslavov's coalition cabinet on July 4, 1913, in which he became foreign minister.
Nikola Todorov Kanazirev is a Bulgarian Revival activist and revolutionary. Nikola Kanazirev was born in 1841 in Mehomiya, then in the Ottoman Empire. He is the son of Todor Kanazirev and the grandson of Ersen Kanazirev, prominent revivalists and fighters for the establishment of the Bulgarian language in Razlog. Like his father, Nikola Kanazirev is a member of the Mehomi Bulgarian Municipality. He joined the revolutionary committee in Mehomiya founded by Vasil Levski in 1869. Participated in the preparation of the uprising in 1876. After revelations by the authorities, he was detained and imprisoned in Nevrokop. In 1909 Nikola Kanazirev donated to the municipality fields for the construction of a new church in Mehomiya.
Nikola Marinov Abadzhiev was a Bulgarian painter and teacher. Marinov was born in the town of Targovishte in 1879. His interest in painting began in high school. After that, he continued his education at the Albertina Academy of Fine Arts in Turin, Italy. After returning to Bulgaria in 1906, he worked as a teacher in Sofia until 1919, and then with the Ministry of Education and Science. He worked mostly in the art of painting as he had a preference for watercolor. Marinov has also done a great number of frescoes in churches in Plovdiv, Lovech, Biala Cherkva, Pernik and Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia.
Nikola Poptarpov Popovski, also known as Popov (Nikola pope Tarpovo Popovski), is a Bulgarian enlightened activist and entrepreneur from Macedonia. Nikola Popovski was born in 1874 in the village of Kosinets, Kosinets, then in the Ottoman Empire, today in Hieropigi, Greece. He is the son of Tarpo Popovski, a Bulgarian enlightened, ecclesiastical and revolutionary figure, with whom he was arrested and exiled to Korcha for his revolutionary activities in Macedonia. Nikola Popovski's brother is the journalist and revolutionary Lazar Popovski. In 1893, he graduated from the pedagogical courses of the Thessaloniki Bulgarian Boys' High School. In 1914 he worked in Xanthi, and after the end of the First World War in the Agricultural Bank in Kardzhali, where he died in the fall of 1922.
Nikola Petrov Sarafov is a Bulgarian engineer, who was born in Libyahovo, then in the Ottoman Empire. In 1900, Nikola Sarafov graduated in civil engineering at Saint Petersburg University. He returned to Free Bulgaria, where he worked as an engineer in Sofia. He participated in the First World War as a reserve lieutenant, a platoon leader in the First Sofia Infantry Regiment, and later a company commander in the Eighty-First Infantry Regiment. He was awarded three orders "For bravery", fourth degree. In 1937, after the merger of the Bulgarian Engineering and Architectural Society, the Society of Bulgarian Architects, and the Union of Freelance Engineers and Architects in Union of Bulgarian Engineers and Architects, Nikola Sarafov was elected chairman of the Union's Provisional Management Board.
Nikola Minchov Vazov is a Bulgarian merchant, brother of the national poet Ivan Vazov and of Gen. Vladimir Vazov. He was born in 1852 in Sopot in the family of Mincho and Saba Vazovi. He helped his father in the trade until he was cut down by a bashibozuka in the Boykova Niva area during the Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878. After the Liberation, he managed his father's home and engaged in trade. Traded in timber. He responded to his brother George's invitation to go to Russia and help him rebuild the Kushka fortress in the Transcaspian region. He died on October 27, 1917 in Sofia.
Nikola Petrov Zografov or Zografski is a Bulgarian educator and revolutionary, activist of the Internal Macedonian-Edirne Revolutionary Organization. Nikola Zografov was born in 1869 in the Veles village of Oraovets, then in the Ottoman Empire. He is a watchmaker by profession.
Nikolai Pavlovich (9 December 1835, Svishtov - 13 February 1894, Sofia) was a Bulgarian Nationalist painter, lithographer and illustrator. He was the son of Hristaki Pavlovich , a teacher and writer of the Bulgarian National Revival. His earliest works were illustrations for the Atlas Cosmobiographique and Atlas Meteorlogique; books by Dr. Petar Beron that were later published in Paris. With the money he made from them, he was able to study in Vienna and at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, where he graduated in 1858. His meticulous attention to detail, especially in his portraits, soon won him many offers of employment.
Nikolai Evgeniev Rostovtsev is a Russian and Bulgarian artist. He was born in 1898 in Suwalki, Russian Empire. In 1921 he emigrated to Bulgaria. He graduated from the State Academy of Arts in Sofia in 1930. He painted many churches and monasteries. According to his projects and under his leadership in 1951 the cathedral church "Assumption" in Varna was painted. In the period 1951 - 1971 he was an artist-restorer at the Central Church Historical and Archaeological Museum in Sofia. He is a member of the Society of Russian Artists in Bulgaria and the Union of Bulgarian Artists. He died in 1988 in Sofia.
Nona Georgieva Nalbanska is the mother of Raina Popgeorgieva. She was born in 1835 in the village of Patalenitsa, Pazardzhik region. Her husband is the priest Georgi Futekov, from whom she has six children: Raina, Atanas, Maria, Vasil, Pena and Zahari. He died in 1923 in Sofia. Around 1941, her bones were moved from Sofia and laid next to her husband's remains in Panagyurishte.
Panayot Ivanov Hitov (November 11, 1830 - February 22, 1918) was a Bulgarian hajduk, national revolutionary and voivode. Born in 1830 in Sliven, he became a hajduk in Georgi Trankin's band of rebels in 1858. Two years later, after the death of Trankin, Hitov succeeded him as voivode of the band, which became one of the most active in southeastern Bulgaria. Following Rakovski's death on April 28, 1867, Hitov entered Bulgaria from Romania at Tutrakan with a band of thirty, the band's standard-bearer being Vasil Levski. After Levski's death in 1873, Hitov played an important role in the Bucharest committee, although he continued to live in Belgrade.
Pancho Popmihov is a Bulgarian educator from the early Bulgarian Revival in Eastern Macedonia. In 1856, Pancho Popmihov opened a private cell school in his home in Petrich, where he taught children from wealthy families, mainly from the Vizdol neighborhood, probably by the synthetic method. The school has full-time classes and teaching is in Bulgarian and Greek. During the so-called Turkish-patriarchal reaction (1876-1882), when all Bulgarian schools in the town and villages were closed, the school of Pancho Popmihov in Petrich reopened.
Pancho Haralanov Vladigerov (13 March 1899 - 8 September 1978) was a Bulgarian composer, pedagogue, and pianist. Vladigerov is arguably the most influential Bulgarian composer of all time. He was one of the first to successfully combine idioms of Bulgarian folk music and classical music. Part of the so-called Second Generation Bulgarian Composers, he was among the founding members of the Bulgarian Contemporary Music Society (1933), which later became the Union of Bulgarian Composers. Vladigerov marked the beginning of a number of genres in Bulgarian music, including the violin sonata and the piano trio.
Pancho Haralanov Vladigerov (13 March 1899 - 8 September 1978) was a Bulgarian composer, pedagogue, and pianist. Vladigerov is arguably the most influential Bulgarian composer of all time. He was one of the first to successfully combine idioms of Bulgarian folk music and classical music. Part of the so-called Second Generation Bulgarian Composers, he was among the founding members of the Bulgarian Contemporary Music Society (1933), which later became the Union of Bulgarian Composers. Vladigerov marked the beginning of a number of genres in Bulgarian music, including the violin sonata and the piano trio.
Pantelei (Pando) Tarpov (Trendafilov) Kiselinchev is a Bulgarian sculptor, a pioneer of the animalistic genre in Bulgaria. He participated in the revolutionary struggle of the Internal Macedonian-Edrina Revolutionary Organization in Macedonia and is a Freemason. Pando Kiselinchev was born on September 23, 1890 in the large village of Kosinets in the family of the famous builder Tarpo Kiselinchev. He is the brother of Lazar Kiselinchev - the voivode of VMORO and Georgi Kiselinchev - an architect. Participated in the Kostur combined company of the Macedonian-Odrina militia, which operated in the rear of the Turkish units during the Balkan War. Sculptures by Kiselinchev can be found in many Burgas, Varna and Sofia gardens and parks, as well as in art galleries in Bulgaria, Greece, the former GDR, the former Yugoslavia, the former Czechoslovakia.
Parteniy Zografski or Parteniy Nishavski (1818 - February 7, 1876) was a 19th-century Bulgarian cleric, philologist, and folklorist from Galičnik in today's North Macedonia, one of the early figures of the Bulgarian National Revival. In his works he referred to his language as Bulgarian and demonstrated a Bulgarian spirit, though besides contributing to the development of the Bulgarian language, In North Macedonia he is also thought to have contributed to the foundation of the present day Macedonian.
Pencho Petkov Slaveykov was a noted Bulgarian poet and was the youngest son of the writer Petko Slaveykov. Born in Tryavna during the Bulgarian National Revival under Ottoman rule, Pencho was educated there as well as in Stara Zagora and Plovdiv. Slaveykov's works include poems and intimate lyrics. He collaborated with a number of magazines, which issued his works, and spent a part of his life in Leipzig studying philosophy, where he became familiar with German literature, thought and art. In 1903 he began a relationship with poet Mara Belcheva which lasted until his death in 1912. They never married but referred to her as his "wife" throughout his writings.
Penyo Mitev Penev is a Bulgarian poet, often called "The Poet with the quilt". His life is full of hardships, disappointments and difficulties. He suffers from chronic depression (possibly bipolar disorder), and in the last years of his life from alcoholism. His idol is Vladimir Mayakovsky. Many facts of his life and death have remained secret for many years in order to use his name from propaganda as a symbol of the communist struggle.
Petar (Petraki) Dimkov Radev is a prominent figure of the Bulgarian Revival in Macedonia. Radev was born in Bitola, then in the Ottoman Empire. He is the son of the public figure Dimko Radev, known as Dimko Pasha. After 1850 he studied at a Greek high school in Athens and then in Vienna. He became one of the leaders of the Bulgarian party in the struggle against the Constantinople Patriarchate and the Greeks for church independence and Bulgarian education. In 1860 he was among the founders of the Bulgarian community center in Bitola
Petar Valchov Sarafov is a renaissance Bulgarian teacher and public figure from Eastern Macedonia. Petar Sarafov was born in 1842 in Gaitaninovo, then in the Ottoman Empire, in the family of the prominent revivalist Valcho Sarafov. His family originates from the village of Osenovo, Gornojumaisko. His brother Kosta Sarafov is a prominent fighter for church independence. His son, Boris Sarafov, is a prominent figure of the Military Police and Military Police, and his other son, Krastyo Sarafov, is a well-known Bulgarian actor. In 1906, Petar Sarafov became a Turkish language teacher for the two special classes at the Military School in Sofia. In the same year he published "Ottoman Grammar", and in 1907 "Syntax". Sarafov, having knowledge of church music from his father, studied Eastern music and compiled and in 1912 published the voluminous work "Guide to the Practical and Theoretical Study of Eastern Church Music". He died on November 1, 1915 in Sofia.
Petko Stoichev Karavelov was a leading Bulgarian liberal politician who served as Prime Minister on four occasions. Born in Koprivshtitsa, his older brother Lyuben initially became more well known as a writer and leading member of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee. He first served as prime minister from 10 December 1880 to 9 May 1881 and then again from 11 July 1884 to 21 August 1886. He joined Stefan Stambolov and others as a member of the regency council after Alexander's abdication. I of Bulgaria in 1886, once again serving for a very short period (24-28 August). His periods of rule were marked by a close association with Russia.
Petko Petrov Sarafov is a Bulgarian engineer from Macedonia. Petko Sarafov was born in 1870 in Libyahovo, then in the Ottoman Empire. In 1892, he graduated from the Thessaloniki Bulgarian Boys' High School with the seventh graduating class. At the outbreak of the Balkan War in 1912, he was a volunteer in the Macedonian-Odrina militia and served in the engineering and technical part of the MOO. He died in 1942 in Sofia. He was buried in the Central Sofia Cemetery.
Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma (17 January 1870 - 31 January 1899) was the eldest daughter of Robert I, the last reigning Duke of Parma. She became Princess-consort of Bulgaria upon her marriage to Ferdinand of Bulgaria, the then prince-regnant, who became Tsar after the Bulgarian Declaration of Independence in 1908. In 1892, her father arranged her marriage to the then reigning Prince of Bulgaria, Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The negotiations were conducted between Duke Robert and Ferdinand's mother, Princess Clémentine of Orléans. She was the mother of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria.
Radka Konstantinova Stanisheva-Yosifova is a teacher of music and singing at the National Academy of Theater and Film Arts and one of the long-lived Bulgarian women. She is also considered the first winner of the Miss Bulgaria pageant, held in 1929, although she did not receive the award. Radka Yosifova was born on January 19, 1908 in the town of Kukush. As a result of the Inter-Allied War in 1913, Kukush was burned to the ground and Radka arrived on foot in Sofia, where he moved with his entire family. He has lived in the capital for almost a century. He graduated from the Sofia Academy of Music with Prof. Tsibulka and specialized with the famous vocal pedagogue Sabcho Sabev. Radka Yosifova died on September 29, 2012 in Sofia at the age of 104.
Rashko Petrov Chorapchiev is a Bulgarian doctor and revolutionary. He was born in 1837 or 1840 in Koprivshtitsa. He studied in his hometown, and then in the class diocesan school in Plovdiv under Nayden Gerov. In the period 1856-1861 he studied medicine in Vienna. He volunteered in the First Bulgarian Legion in Belgrade, where he met Georgi Rakovski and Vasil Levski. After returning to Plovdiv, he became the chief physician. Participated in the treatment of the population during the outbreak of cholera in 1865 in Plovdiv. He was one of the first to open a pharmacy in the city and set up a laboratory with a microscope and reagents for research. He managed to free Vasil Levski after his imprisonment in Tashkapia. Receives and sends letters to committee members. He hides the secret alphabet and signs in his library. He provided medical aid to many wounded insurgents during the April Uprising. After the Liberation, he opened the first Bulgarian hospital. He initiated the trial against Hadji Arif and Hadji Sabana, who were sentenced to death in August 1878. He died in 1893 or 1 May 1840 in Vienna.
Renato Piacentini was sent to Sofia on May 26, 1926, as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary and presented his credentials on September 17, 1926. In October 1930 he returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy, where he remained until 1932 when he ends his career. He died in Rome in October 1961.
Raicho Mihov Karolev is a Bulgarian enlightened activist, politician, historian and theologian. The first director of the April High School in Gabrovo. Also director of the elite First Men's High School in Sofia and the Men's High School in Plovdiv. He participated in several parliaments as a representative of the Liberal Party, and from 1884 to 1886 he was Minister of Public Education and Director of Statistics. Writer, educator, teacher, public figure and innovator, he worked with all his spirit for the rise of Bulgaria and his people. Raicho Karolev held the post of director of the National Library, where he was appointed in February 1895. In 1903, he became an advisor to the Supreme Audit Office.
Raina (Raikya) Popgeorgieva Futekova-Dipcheva, known as Raina Knyaginya, is a Bulgarian teacher and the first midwife in Bulgaria to sew the main insurgent flag of the Panagyurishte Revolutionary District for the April Uprising. On the day the uprising was announced, she waved it alongside Georgi Benkovski. Raina Futekova was born on January 18, 1856 in Panagyurishte. Raikya is the birth name of Raina Knyaginya and in her family they have several documents proving this fact. She became known as Raina after returning from Russia.
Richard Wagner (22 May 1813 in Leipzig - 13 February 1883 in Venice) was a German opera composer. He was one of the most important opera composers in Germany during the Romantic period. Apart from some music that he wrote as a student, he wrote ten operas which are all performed regularly in opera houses today. Most of his operas are about stories from German mythology. He always wrote the words himself. Wagner changed people's ideas of what operas should be. He thought that the drama (the story that is being told with all its tensions) was very important, and he chose the singers for his operas himself so that he could train them in his way of thinking.
Robert I (9 July 1848 - 16 November 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859 when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento. He was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma and descended from Philip, Duke of Parma, the third son of King Philip V of Spain and Queen Elisabeth Farnese. He was born in Florence, Robert was the elder son of Charles III, Duke of Parma, and Louise Marie Thérčse d'Artois, daughter of Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry, and granddaughter of King Charles X of France.
Saba Vazova is the mother of Ivan Vazov, called the "patriarch of Bulgarian literature". She is a Bulgarian public figure, president of the women's association "Persistence", author of several poetic and prose works. Saba Vazova was born in Sopot in 1834 in the family of Hadji Nikola Pope Avramov. At the age of 14, her brother Georgi taught her to read from the primer. In the summer of 1849, she married Mincho Vazov in the Kalofer Monastery. She was the initiator of the creation of the women's society "Perseverance", founded in 1870 in Sopot and became its chairman. A connoisseur of the revival book, Saba Vazova assisted in the creation of a library at the women's society, donated books and funds. From the establishment of the women's society until the burning of the city of Sopot in 1877, she was responsible for the flourishing of the Girls' School. Saba Vazova assisted in sending poor Bulgarian girls to study outside of Sopot. She is among the initiators of the opening of a women's Sunday school.
Saint Clement of Ohrid was one of the first medieval Bulgarian saints, who was a scholar, writer, and enlightener of the Slavs. He was one of the most prominent disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius and is often associated with the creation of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts, especially their popularisation among Christianised Slavs. He was the founder of the Ohrid Literary School and is regarded as a patron of education and language by some Slavic people. He is considered to be the first bishop of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, one of the Seven Apostles of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church since the 10th century, and one of the premier saints of modern Bulgaria. The mission of Saint Clement was the crucial factor that transformed the Slavs in then Kutmichevitsa into Bulgarians. Saint Clement is also the patron saint of North Macedonia, the city of Ohrid, and the Macedonian Orthodox Church.
Sava Petrov Ognyanov (May 24, 1876, Constanţa - March 22, 1933, Sofia) is a famous Bulgarian actor and director. It occupies an honorable place in the history of theatrical art with its unsurpassed theatrical incarnations, which have become an example for the Bulgarian dramatic theater, and is highly valued outside Bulgaria.
Stefan Georgiev Chaprashikov is a Bulgarian diplomat, secretary to Tsar Ferdinand I. Stefan Chaprashikov was born in 1874 in Gorna Jumaya, then in the Ottoman Empire. He graduated in law in Paris in 1897. He works as the secretary of the Bulgarian legation in Paris. At the outbreak of the Balkan War, he was an officer in the Bulgarian army. He is a recipient of the Order of Bravery. Participated in the diplomatic delegation for the preparation of the London Peace Treaty of 1913. He was a diplomat in France, Greece, Serbia, Russia and Germany. After returning to Bulgaria, together with his cousin Dimitar Bozhkov, he founded the company "Stefan Chaprashikov and Sons", which is engaged in the export of tobacco to Germany. He is an equestrian competitor and since 1929 he has been a member of the IOC and honorary chairman of the BOC. After the September 9 coup in 1944, he committed suicide in Kardzhali.
Stefan Petrov Salabashev is a Bulgarian cavalry officer, colonel, and participant in the Serbo-Bulgarian War. He was born on January 1, 1865, in the city of Stara Zagora. He comes from the famous Salabashevi family from Stara Zagora. His grandfather Hadji Nacho is among the leaders of Stara Zagora. Stefan's brother is Ivan Salabashev, former Minister of Finance. In 1894, he married Venka Karagyozova, daughter of the manufacturer and philanthropist from Tarnovo Stefan Karagyozova. Their daughter Smaraida Salabasheva married in 1913 the famous financier, politician, and diplomat Atanas Burov. He died October 4, 1920, in Sofia.
Stefan Dimitrov Savov is a Bulgarian politician. He was born in Sofia on January 8, 1924. He is the grandson of Stefanaki Savov, the son of the industrialist and Minister of Finance Dimitar Savov. In December 1944, together with his mother's family, he was interned in the village of Bosna, and then in Vratsa. Later he lay in the camps Bogdanov dol and Belene.
Stefan Nikolov Stambolov was a notable Bulgarian statesman and revolutionary, as well as a journalist and poet. Apostle of the Internal Revolutionary Organization (1875-1876). Participates in the preparation of the Stara Zagora and April Uprisings. Russian military correspondent during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). After the Liberation he rose among the Liberal Party in the Principality of Bulgaria. After the coup of 1886, he headed the Regency, quelling the unrest in the country at the cost of a long-term rupture in relations with Russia. In 1887 he was appointed Prime Minister and remained in power until 1894. He founded and led the People's Liberal Party until his assassination.
Stefan Georgiev Stefanov was a politician and industrialist who was born on July 6, 1876, in the city of Sliven. He graduated in law and political science in Berlin. His father, Georgi Stefanov, is a prominent Bulgarian industrialist and founder of the woolen fabric factory "Georgi Stefanov and Sons" in Sliven. Established in 1888, it remained the largest fabric factory in Bulgaria until 1945. After his death, his eldest son Stefan Stefanov took over and ran the factory. From 1918 until 1920 he was the secret adviser to Tsar Boris III. In the period from 1930 until 1934, the Great Depression also affected Bulgaria. In the course of the crisis, a pro-reform minority was formed in the government of the People's Bloc, headed by the then Minister of Finance Stefan Stefanov. In 1933, despite enormous political opposition, it succeeded in formulating a relatively comprehensive reformist program, also known as the Stefanov Plan. Died on March 25, 1946.
Stoimen Chaprashikov was a great Bulgarian merchant from the 19th century. Chaprashikov was born in Gorna Jumaya, then in the Ottoman Empire, now Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria. In 1864, Chaprashikov founded the company "Orient Tabaco", which deals with tobacco trade in Greece and Asia Minor. The business was inherited and developed by his sons Ivan and Georgi Chaprashikovi.
Stoimen Sarafov is a Bulgarian politician, public figure, businessman, construction engineer. He was born in Kyustendil on August 15, 1865. He remained an orphan, barely 9 years old. Neighbors and relatives take care of him. In 1885, he graduated from high school in the Danube city. Even young, he makes an impression with his exceptional mathematical abilities and teachers use him as an assistant. It was his teachers who raised funds and sent him to Ghent, Belgium. In Belgium, Stoimen Sarafov enrolled in the popular Polytechnic University. In 1889 he was offered a teaching position at the university, but he refused. Sarafov has a big goal - "to contribute to the development of Bulgaria in economic and technical terms, so that it becomes a flourishing country like Belgium". In 1893, the Bulgarian Engineering and Architectural Society was established in Sofia. Among its founders is Eng. Sarafov, who was elected vice-president. Re-elected 3 times, he remained in office for 15 years.
Stoyan Petrov Danev was a leading Bulgarian liberal politician and twice Prime Minister. Danev went on to serve in a number of moderate coalition governments and was a signatory of the Treaty of London. When it became clear that Tsar Ferdinand did not intend to honor the treaty Danev was chosen to succeed Ivan Evstratiev Geshov as Prime Minister, although his second ministry proved brief. He was Minister of Finance from 1916 to 1920.
Stoyan Omarcevski is a Bulgarian politician from the Bulgarian Agricultural People's Union, Minister of Public Education in the government of Stamboliyski, replacing Tsanko Tserkovski from the same party. Omarcevski made a series of reforms, introduced compulsory primary education, built 1,115 new schools in small villages, exempted children's literature from taxes. His is also the bill for placing busts of deserving Bulgarians in the central alley of the Boris garden. The Medical, Veterinary, Agronomic and Theological Faculties of Sofia University are opened. Omarczewski was arrested after the June 9 coup of 1923 and was released on April 9, 1924. From 1925 to 1926, he was a member of the Permanent Presence of the Bulgarian Agricultural People's Union.
Svetoslav Nikolov Milarov-Sapunov is a Bulgarian writer, historian and publicist. He was born in 1849 in Gabrovo. He is the son of Nikola Sapunov, a participant in the church struggle, and the brother of Iliya Milarov, a public figure and director of the National Library in Sofia. Since 1884, Milarov has been a full member of the Bulgarian Book Society. At the beginning of 1889, he headed a group that set itself the goal of assassinating Prince Ferdinand. In 1891, during the investigation of the assassination attempt against Stefan Stambolov, in which the Minister of Finance Hristo Belchev was killed, the police obtained part of the information about the conspiracy of 1889. Although in reality they had nothing to do with the attack on Stambolov, Milarov and Popov were found guilty and sentenced to death. On July 15, 1892, Svetoslav Milarov was hanged in the courtyard of the Black Mosque in Sofia.
Tarpo Ivanov Popovski, alias Mirabo, is a Bulgarian priest, teacher, founder of one of the first Bulgarian schools in Kostursko, a fighter against Greek propaganda in Macedonia, a revolutionary from the Internal Macedonian-Edrina Revolutionary Organization. Throughout his life, Father Tarpo Popovski resolutely opposed the Greek bishops and the Hellenism imposed by them in Western Macedonia, for which he was persecuted by the authorities and repeatedly imprisoned.
Teodora Pencheva Raykova-Kovacheva is a Bulgarian chemist, daughter of the chemist Pencho Raykov. She is the first woman appointed as a teacher in a Bulgarian university. Teodora Raykova was born in 1893 in Sofia in the family of Pencho Raykov, one of the founders of chemical science in Bulgaria. In 1911, she graduated from the Second Sofia Girls' High School, and in 1916 - chemistry at the Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski". In 1918 she was appointed to the university as an assistant to her father. She is the author of publications in Bulgarian and German-language specialized publications. Describes an original method for the detection of strontium by gypsum solution, as well as a method for recognizing the origin of oil. She is the founder and active participant in the work of the Bulgarian Chemical Society, a long-time editor of the magazine "Chemistry and Industry" published by it. Teodora Raykova-Kovacheva died in 1963 in Sofia.
Todor Georgiev Gubidelnikov was a Bulgarian entrepreneur and engineer. He was born on October 2, 1889 in Ruse in the family of financier Georgi Gubidelnikov. In 1907, he graduated from the Ruse Boys' High School, and then from mining engineering in Freiburg. After returning to Bulgaria, he worked at "Mini-Pernik", and then participated in the management of family enterprises, among which was the Bulgarian joint-stock mining company "Budeshte". In 1953, Todor Gubidelnikov was convicted by the communist regime of espionage and sabotage in a mock trial against a group of prominent mining engineers. Todor Gubidelnikov died on December 5, 1959 in the prison in Pazardzhik.
Todor Ivanchov is a Bulgarian politician from the Liberal Party. He was the Prime Minister of Bulgaria between October 13, 1899, and January 25, 1901. He was born in Tarnovo, and he graduated from Robert College in Constantinople and studied medicine for three years in Montpellier. An active member of the Liberal Party, Todor Ivanchov participated in the first government of Vasil Radoslavov and in the government of Dimitar Grekov. After that, he himself headed the 19th and 20th governments of Bulgaria. Under his rule, the natural tithe was restored, which caused peasant revolts that were suppressed by force. In 1903, Ivanchov was convicted by the First State Court of financial abuse but was pardoned a few months later. As Minister of Public Education in 1899, Ivanchov published the first official spelling of the Bulgarian language. Todor Ivanchov died on January 1, 1905, in Paris, France.
Todor Nikolov Minkov is a prominent Bulgarian Revivalist, railway engineer, Bulgarian and Russian educator, public figure, publicist, donor, Russian officer, participant in the Crimean War, elevated to a nobleman, corresponding member of the Bulgarian Literary Society, close to Hristo Botev and other revolutionaries. Fellow of the national liberation movement, founder and longtime leader of the South Slavic boarding house in Nikolaev, Odessa region and its continuation in Ravini to Drogichin, Brest region, where the noble Bulgarian completed his earthly journey. He was born in Ruse in the family of the Bulgarian merchant Nikola Georgiev. His family originates from Arbanassi, and in 1759 - 1760 he moved to Ruse. His mother's brother is the large local merchant Todor Minkov. At his insistence, the boy took the personal and family name of the childless uncle.
Todor Dimitrov Pavlov is a Bulgarian Marxist philosopher, politician and journalist, a prominent figure of the Bulgarian Communist Party, regent of Bulgaria (September 9, 1944 - September 15, 1946). People's figure of science and culture. Todor Pavlov was born on February 14, 1890 in Shtip (then the Ottoman Empire) in the family of the teacher Dimitar Pavlov Grozdanov.
Todor Peev (Peyov) Stoyanov was an activist of the Bulgarian national liberation movement, journalist, playwright and diplomat, member of the Bulgarian Literary Society. Todor Peev was born in 1842 in the town of Etropole. He was initially educated in his hometown. He studied at the French College of Saint Benoit in Constantinople (1863-1865). He works as a head teacher in Silistra, Kyustendil and Etropole. Assists in the opening of a girls' school and a community center "Napredak" in Etropole. He took part in the national liberation struggles of the Bulgarians. He was elected chairman of the Etropole Private Revolutionary Committee. After the Liberation he held a number of important administrative positions. Disappointed with the post-liberation reality, he committed suicide on July 26, 1904 in the city of Sofia.
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (7 March 1850 - 14 September 1937) was a Czechoslovak politician, statesman, sociologist, and philosopher. Until 1914, he advocated restructuring the Austro-Hungarian Empire into a federal state. With the help of the Allied Powers, Masaryk gained independence from the Czechoslovak Republic as First World War ended in 1918. He co-founded Czechoslovakia together with Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Edvard Beneš and served as its first president. Masaryk was born to a poor, working-class family in the predominantly Catholic city of Hodonín, Margraviate of Moravia, in Moravian Slovakia (in the present-day Czech Republic, then part of the Austrian Empire).
Antonietta Meneghel (27 June 1893 - 26 January 1975), born in Mogliano Veneto, in the Province of Treviso, and better known by her stage name Toti Dal Monte, was a celebrated Italian operatic lyric soprano. She may be best remembered today for her performance as Cio-cio-san in Puccini's Madama Butterfly, having recorded this role complete in 1939 with Beniamino Gigli as Pinkerton. Dal Monte died in 1975 at the age of 81, in Pieve di Soligo, as a result of circulatory disorders.
Tseko Petkov Peshev, known as Tseko Dalgoshevski and grandfather Tseko Voyvoda, Bulgarian bandit and national revolutionary, fighter for the liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule. After the liberation he was a Member of Parliament from Belogradchik district in the Constituent Assembly. Participates in the adoption of the Tarnovo Constitution. Member of the 1st Ordinary National Assembly.
Vasil Dimov Gendov (Vasil Dimov Hadjigendov) was a Bulgarian director, actor and playwright. He was the author of the first Bulgarian film "The Bulgarian is a gallant", a comedy in the style of Max Linder. Vasil Gendov was born on November 24, 1891 in Sliven. In the period 1905 - 1907 he was an intern at the Tear and Laughter Theater and at the National Theater. His debut was as Robert Pfeiffer in O. Ernst's The Educators. He graduated from the Otto University Theater in Vienna and specialized in the AIKO film house in Berlin. In the period 1910 - 1912 he was an actor in the troupe of Roza Popova. He worked as a drama administrator in Ruse (1911 - 1913). He was the director of the traveling drama theater "Bulgarian Theater", Sofia (1920 - 1938). Variety artist (1938 - 1946). In 1921, together with his wife Jana Gendova, he founded the Sofia Traveling Theater, of which he is director, director and actor. He is the founder of the Bulgarian film art, the founder of the first Bulgarian film production cooperative "Yantra Film".
Vasil Levski (July 18, 1837 - February 18, 1873) was a Bulgarian revolutionary and the national hero of Bulgaria. Levski ideologized and strategized a revolutionary movement to liberate Bulgaria from Ottoman rule. Levski founded a revolutionary organization and tried to foment a nationwide uprising through a network of secret regional committees.
Vasil Hristov Radoslavov (27 July 1854 - 21 October 1929) was a leading Bulgarian liberal politician who twice served as Prime Minister. He was Premier of the country throughout most of World War I. Born in Lovech, Radoslavov studied law at Heidelberg and became a supporter of Germany from then on. He became a political figure in 1884 when he was appointed Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Petko Karavelov, also holding the position under Archbishop Kliment Turnovski. He succeeded Karavelov as Prime Minister in 1886 and being aged 32 years, was the youngest person to have ever been Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
Victor Desiderievich Dandeville is a Russian officer, an infantry general. Participant in the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). Victor Dandeville was born on October 5, 1826 in Orenburg. Father Desiree d'Andeville was a prisoner of war from the Franco-Russian War (1812), who accepted Russian citizenship. Participated in the Hungarian campaign (1848 - 1849), the Turkestan campaign and expedition on the east coast of the Caspian Sea. During the Serbo-Turkish War (1876) he gathered volunteers from the Balkan peoples for the corps of Major General Mikhail Chernyaev (1875). He took part in the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
Victor Marie Hugo (26 February 1802 - 22 May 1885) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, statesman, and human rights activist. He played an important part in the Romantic movement in France. Hugo first became famous in France because of his poetry, as well as his novels and his plays. Les Contemplations and La Légende des sičcles are his most famous poetry collections. Outside of France, his novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris are his most famous works. When he was young, he was a conservative royalist. As he got older he became more liberal and supported republicanism. His work was about many of the political and social problems as well as the artistic trends of his time. He is buried in the Panthéon, in Paris.
Vladimir Minchev Vazov was a Bulgarian officer. He led the Bulgarian forces during the successful defensive operation at Dojran during the First World War. Vladimir Vazov was born on 14 May 1868 to Mincho Vazov and Suba Hadjinikolova. In 1886 Vladimir Vazov entered the Military School in Sofia. After he graduated in 1888 he was assigned as a second lieutenant to the 5th artillery regiment in Shumen. He was a participant in both Balkan Wars, as well as the First World War. In 1926 he became mayor of Sofia. During his mandate the fire department was reformed, the electrical network expanded, and public transport improved. Sofia became one of the greenest capitals in Europe.
Vladislav Nikolov Kanazirev is a Bulgarian revolutionary, Razlog regional head of the Internal Macedonian-Edirne Revolutionary Organization, longtime mayor of Mehomiya. Vladislav Kanazirev has been married since 1905 to the gorilla woman Goritsa Angelova Racheva, with whom they have sons Lubomir, Ivan, Nikola, Radul and a daughter Katerina. On October 24, 2012, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the liberation of Razlog at a solemn meeting of the Municipal Council in the city, Vladislav Kanazirev was posthumously proclaimed an honorary citizen of Razlog.
Vladimir Dimitrov Mollov (1873 - 1935) was a Bulgarian lawyer and politician from the Democratic Party, later from the Democratic Alliance. He has been elected a member of the government several times. As Minister of Finance in 1926 - 1931 he concluded several important international treaties - the Refugee Loan, the Stabilization Loan, the Mollov-Kafandaris Agreement. Vladimir Mollov was born on July 16 (July 4 old style) 1873 in Kiev in the family of Dimitar Mollov, later a famous doctor and politician. His younger brother is Vasil Mollov was a famous doctor.
Zheko Spiridonov Hadjivichev is a Bulgarian sculptor, corresponding member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, together with Boris Shatz and Marin Vassilev he is considered one of the three founders of sculpture in modern Bulgaria. Already in his student years he made bas-reliefs of Petko Rachev Slaveykov and Dr. Konstantin Stoilov. He made busts and sculptures of Revivalists, historical figures and his contemporaries. Among his famous monuments are those of Hristo Botev, Vasil Levski and Count Ignatiev in the Sea Garden in Varna, Ivan Vazov and Georgi Benkovski in Sofia's Borisova Garden, Aleko Konstantinov in Svishtov.
Zhelyu Mitev Zhelev (3 March 1935 - 30 January 2015) was a Bulgarian politician and former dissident who served as the first non-Communist President of Bulgaria from 1990 to 1997. Zhelev was one of the most prominent figures of the 1989 Bulgarian Revolution, which ended the 35-year rule of President Todor Zhivkov. A member of the Union of Democratic Forces, he was elected as President by the 7th Grand National Assembly. Two years later, he won Bulgaria's first direct presidential elections. He lost his party's nomination for his 1996 reelection campaign after losing a tough primary race to Petar Stoyanov.
Zlata Petrova Sarafova, is a Bulgarian doctor and public figure from Macedonia. She was born in 1879 in the Neurokop village of Libyakhovo, then in the Ottoman Empire, today Ilinden, Bulgaria. She went to study in Saint Petersburg, where she graduated in pedagogy in 1899. She then studied medicine at the University of Geneva, graduating in 1908 with a degree in gynecology. She specialized in the University of Vienna. Zlata Sarafova is an activist of Macedonian immigration in Bulgaria. She was elected as the chairwoman of the Macedonian Women's Union. In 1940, the chairwoman of the Ministry of Education, Dr. Zlata Sarafova, signed a general declaration for the accession of the entire and united Macedonia within the borders of Bulgaria. She is married to lawyer Hristo Fetvadzhiev.
Apollo is one of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The national divinity of the Greeks, Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, the Sun and light, poetry, and more. One of the most important and complex of the Greek gods, he is the son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis, goddess of the hunt. Seen as the most beautiful god and the ideal of the kouros, Apollo is considered to be the most Greek of all the gods. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.
Ares is the Greek god of courage and war. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera. The Greeks were ambivalent toward him. He embodies the physical valor necessary for success in war but can also personify sheer brutality and bloodlust, in contrast to his sister, the armored Athena, whose martial functions include military strategy and generalship. An association with Ares endows places and objects with a savage, dangerous, or militarized quality.
The caduceus is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology and consequently by Hermes Trismegistus in Greco-Egyptian mythology. The same staff was also borne by heralds in general, for example by Iris, the messenger of Hera. It is a short staff entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by wings. In Roman iconography, it was often depicted being carried in the left hand of Mercury, the messenger of the gods.
A chariot is a type of carriage driven by a charioteer, usually using horses to provide rapid motive power. The oldest known chariots have been found in burials of the Sintashta culture in modern-day Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, dated to c. 2000 BC. The critical invention that allowed the construction of light, horse-drawn chariots was the spoked wheel.
The griffin, griffon, or gryphon is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and sometimes an eagle's talons as its front feet. Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts, and the eagle the king of the birds, by the Middle Ages, the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. Since classical antiquity, griffins were known for guarding treasures and priceless possessions.
In ancient Greek religion, Hera is the goddess of marriage, women, and family, and the protector of women in childbirth. In Greek mythology, she is the queen of the twelve Olympians and Mount Olympus, sister and wife of Zeus, and daughter of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. One of her defining characteristics in myth is her jealous and vengeful nature in dealing with any who offend her, especially Zeus' numerous adulterous lovers and illegitimate offspring.
Hermes is an Olympian deity in ancient Greek religion and mythology. Hermes is considered the herald of the gods. He is also considered the protector of human heralds, travellers, thieves, merchants, and orators. He is able to move quickly and freely between the worlds of the mortal and the divine, aided by his winged sandals. Hermes plays the role of the psychopomp or "soul guide"a conductor of souls into the afterlife.
When Rhea gave birth to Zeus, she put him in a cave, located at Mount Ida on the island of Crete. In this way, his father Cronus would be unable to find him and swallow him, which he had done with his previous children. There, it was the goat Amalthea that nourished Zeus with her milk until he was grown up. One day, as young Zeus played with Amalthea, he accidentally broke off her horn. To make up for it and as a sign of gratitude, Zeus blessed the broken horn, so that its owner would find everything they desired in it.
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Muses are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric songs, and myths that were related orally for centuries in ancient Greek culture. Melete, Aoede, and Mneme are the original Boeotian Muses, and Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania are the nine Olympian Muses. In modern figurative usage, a Muse may be a source of artistic inspiration.
In Greek mythology, Nike was a goddess who personified victory in any field including art, music, war, and athletics. She is often portrayed in Greek art as a Winged Victory in the motion of flight, however, she can also appear without wings as a "Wingless Victory" when she is being portrayed as an attribute of another deity such as Athena. In Greek literature, Nike is described as both an attribute and attendant to the gods Zeus and Athena. Nike gained this honored role beside Zeus during the Titanomachy where she was one of the first gods to offer her allegiance to Zeus. At Athens, Nike became a servant to Athena as well as an attribute of her due to the prominent status Athena held in her patron city.
The phoenix is an immortal bird associated with Greek mythology (with analogs in many cultures) that cyclically regenerates or is otherwise born again. Associated with the sun, a phoenix obtains new life by rising from the ashes of its predecessor. Some legends say it dies in a show of flames and combustion, while others that it simply dies and decomposes before being born again.
Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus. His name is cognate with the first element of his Roman equivalent Jupiter. His mythology and powers are similar, though not identical, to those of Indo-European deities such as Jupiter, Perkűnas, Perun, Indra, and Dyaus. Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, the youngest of his siblings to be born, though sometimes reckoned the eldest as the others required disgorging from Cronus's stomach. In most traditions, he is married to Hera.
The comedy "A Bulgarian is a gallant (a gentleman)" is the first Bulgarian feature film. It was first screened on January 13, 1915, and according to the technology of cinema at the time, the film was black and white and "dumb." The screenwriter, director and performer of the main role is Vasil Gendov. It is believed that the film has been lost and only 1-2 frames of it remain.
The Saint Alexander Nevsky Memorial Cathedral in Sofia is a Bulgarian Orthodox cathedral. It was built between 1892 and 1912 in honor of the estimated 200,000 Russian soldiers who fell during the Russo-Turkish War in an attempt to liberate Bulgaria from the Ottoman occupiers.
The Bulgarian capital of Sofia suffered a series of Allied bombing raids during the Second World War, from mid-1941 to early 1944. Bulgaria declared war on the United Kingdom and the United States on 13 December 1941. The Southern Italy-based Allied air forces extended the range of their strategic operations to include Bulgaria and other Axis allies in 1943.
The Anschluss, also known as the Anschluß Österreichs, was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938. The idea of an Anschluss (a united Austria and Germany that would form a "Greater Germany") began after the unification of Germany excluded Austria and the German Austrians from the Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871. Following the end of World War I with the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 1918, the newly formed Republic of German-Austria attempted to form a union with Germany, but the Treaty of Saint Germain (10 September 1919) and the Treaty of Versailles (28 June 1919) forbade both the union and the continued use of the name "German-Austria" and stripped Austria of some of its territories, such as the Sudetenland.
The April Uprising was an insurrection organised by the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire from April to May 1876. The regular Ottoman Army and irregular bashi-bazouk units brutally suppressed the rebels, resulting in a public outcry in Europe, with many famous intellectuals condemning the atrocities, labelled the Bulgarian Horrors or Bulgarian atrocities, by the Ottomans and supporting the oppressed Bulgarian population. This outrage resulted in the re-establishment of Bulgaria in 1878. The 1876 uprising involved only those parts of the Ottoman territories populated predominantly by Bulgarians. The emergence of Bulgarian national sentiments was closely related to the re-establishment of the independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church in 1870.
The Aromanians are an ethnic group native to the southern Balkans who speak Aromanian, an Eastern Romance language. They traditionally live in central and southern Albania, south-western Bulgaria, northern and central Greece, and North Macedonia, and can currently be found in central and southern Albania, south-western Bulgaria, south-western North Macedonia, northern and central Greece, southern Serbia, and south-eastern Romania (Northern Dobruja). An Aromanian diaspora living outside these places also exists. The Aromanians are known by several other names, such as "Vlachs" or "Macedo-Romanians" (sometimes used to also refer to the Megleno-Romanians).
The St Nedelya Church assault was a terrorist attack on St Nedelya Church in Sofia, Bulgaria. It was carried out on 16 April 1925, when a group of the Military Organisation of the Bulgarian Communist Party directed and supplied by the Soviet Military Intelligence blew up the church's roof during the funeral service of General Konstantin Georgiev, who had been killed in a previous communist assault on 14 April. 150 people, mainly from the country's political and military elite, were killed in the attack and around 500 bystander believers, who attended the liturgy, were injured.
The Bulgarian coup d'état of 1886, also known as the 9 August coup d'état was an attempted dethronement of Knyaz Alexander Battenberg in Principality of Bulgaria, carried out on 9 August 1886. Although unsuccessful, the event led to the abdication of Alexander Battenberg.
The Battle of Gurguliat is a battle of the Serbo-Bulgarian War, fought on November 7, 1885, in the area of the village of Gurguliat, Sofia region. On November 7, at 8.30 am, Captain Popov deployed the detachment to a position from high. It rises to the heights north of Gurguliat, leaving four companies in reserve. The artillery took up positions behind the infantry and opened fire on the batteries and the advancing enemy. At noon, the Serbian army directed its forces in the direction of Kernul in order to bypass the left flank of the detachment. As the fire of the Serbian artillery was constantly intensifying and the losses of the detachment were increasing, Captain Popov decided to go on the offensive, which began at 16.00. The detachment launched a bayonet attack and the enemy could not withstand the blow. Locals, including women, are taking part in the fight. In the area of Gurguliat, two Serbian companies were completely destroyed, and the rest suffered heavy losses and were forced to retreat to Rakita.
Bessarabian Bulgarians are an ethnic group of Bulgarians, descendants of immigrants from Bulgaria, which was part of the Ottoman Empire, to Bessarabia, which became part of the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. They have their own dialect, which is different from the official Bulgarian language.
The Bolsheviks, were a far-left, revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladimir Lenin that split with the Mensheviks from the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, a revolutionary socialist political party formed in 1898, at its Second Party Congress in 1903. After forming their own party in 1912, the Bolsheviks took power during the October Revolution in the Russian Republic in November 1917, overthrowing the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky, and becoming the only ruling party in subsequent Soviet Russia and later the Soviet Union. They considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary proletariat of Russia. Their beliefs and practices were often referred to as Bolshevism.
The Bulgarian General People's Student Union (BONSS) is an organization of Bulgarian students affiliated with the Bulgarian Communist Party. It was established on March 30, 1930 in Sofia. On April 14 of the same year, it published the Student Flag newspaper as its own organ. Organizes cultural events as well as political activities, promoting communist ideas among students. In December 1931, BONSS organized a student strike demanding the expulsion from Sofia University of the leader of the June 9 coup, Alexander Tsankov. The strike was sparked by police, with casualties among students.
The bow is the prow of a ship and is its forward point. Most bows are designed to reduce ship drag and pitch. Many seagoing vessels are equipped with a bulbous bow to reduce wave resistance. The construction consists of the forecastle and forepeak and often the holds behind the collision or forepeak bulkhead.
The Internal Macedonian-Edirne revolutionary organization was a national liberation organization of the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire. The organization was active in the Thessaloniki, Bitola, Skopje, Edirne and Constantinople provinces in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The program documents of the organization point out that it will fight in a revolutionary way for the implementation of Article 23 of the Berlin Treaty, for granting political autonomy to Macedonia and the Edirne region. It is envisaged that the two neighboring districts will become a separate territorial unit within the empire, and administrative and political reforms should be carried out in order to improve the living conditions of the Christian population there.
The history of the largest scientific institution in modern Bulgaria begins in the house of Varvara Hadji Veleva in the Romanian town of Braila. Between September 26 and 30, 1869, prominent representatives of the Bulgarian communities from Braila, Bucharest, Galati, Giurgiu, Chisinau, Belgrade, Vienna and Odessa met there. At the General Assembly they decided to establish a Bulgarian Literary Society based in Braila, today the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
The cell school is a type of primary school with church-religious orientation, which existed in the Bulgarian lands during the era of the Ottoman rule. During the period XV - XVIII century the only schools were the cell ones. They originally originated in churches or monasteries and have a public character. Teachers are mostly monks and priests, and less often - literate craftsmen or merchants. The teacher deals with each student individually. While training, he practiced his craft. The training is conducted in Greek, Church Slavonic or in both languages. The learning process aims to give skills in reading, writing, church singing and a little arithmetic. Sometimes training is combined with learning a certain craft.
The current coat of arms of the Republic of Austria has been in use in its first forms by the First Republic of Austria since 1919. Between 1934 and the German annexation in 1938, the Federal State used a different coat of arms, which consisted of a double-headed eagle (one-party corporate state led by the clerico-right-wing Fatherland Front, often labeled Austro-fascist).
The coat of arms of Bulgaria consists of a crowned golden lion rampant over a dark red shield; above the shield is the Bulgarian historical crown. The shield is supported by two crowned golden lions rampant; below the shield, there is compartment in the shape of oak twigs and white bands with the national motto "Unity makes strength" inscribed on them.
The emblem of the Italian Republic was formally adopted by the newly formed Italian Republic on 5 May 1948. Although often referred to as a coat of arms, it is an emblem as it was designed not to conform to traditional heraldic rules. The emblem is used extensively by the Italian government. The emblem, shaped as a Roman wreath, comprises a white five-pointed star, the Stella d'Italia, which is the oldest national symbol of Italy, since it dates back to ancient Greece, with a thin red border, superimposed upon a five-spoked cogwheel, standing between an olive branch to the left side and an oak branch to the right side.
Eastern Rumelia was an autonomous province (oblast in Bulgarian, vilayet in Turkish) in the Ottoman Empire, created in 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin and de facto ended in 1885, when it was united with the Principality of Bulgaria, also under Ottoman suzerainty. It continued to be an Ottoman province de jure until 1908 when Bulgaria declared independence. Ethnic Bulgarians formed a majority of the population in Eastern Rumelia, but there were significant Turkish and Greek minorities. Its capital was Plovdiv. The official languages of Eastern Rumelia were: Bulgarian, Greek, and Ottoman Turkish.
The February Revolution, known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution, was the first of two revolutions that took place in Russia in 1917. The main events of the revolution took place in and near Petrograd (present-day Saint Petersburg), the then-capital of Russia, where long-standing discontent with the monarchy erupted into mass protests against food rationing on 23 February Old Style. The revolutionary activity lasted about eight days, involving mass demonstrations and violent armed clashes with police and gendarmes, the last loyal forces of the Russian monarchy.
The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan states' combined armies overcame the initially numerically inferior (significantly superior by the end of the conflict) and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies and achieved rapid success. The war was a comprehensive and unmitigated disaster for the Ottomans, who lost 83% of their European territories and 69% of their European population. As a result of the war, the League captured and partitioned almost all of the Ottoman Empire's remaining territories in Europe.
The First World War began on July 28, 1914, and lasted until November 11, 1918. It was a global war and lasted exactly 4 years, 3 months, and 2 weeks. Most of the fighting was in continental Europe. Soldiers from many countries took part, and it changed the colonial empires of the European powers. Before World War II began in 1939, World War I was called the Great War, or the World War. Other names are the Imperialist War and the Four Years' War. There were 135 countries that took part in the First World War, and nearly 10 million people died while fighting. Before the war, European countries had formed alliances to protect themselves. However, that made them divide themselves into two groups. When Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated on June 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and declared war on it. Russia then declared war on Austria-Hungary, which set off a chain of events in which members from both groups of countries declared war on each other.
The Glozhene Monastery "St. George the Victorious" is a Bulgarian monastery, a cultural monument, part of the Lovchani Diocese of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church.
The monastery is located near the village of Glozhene, Teteven municipality, Lovech district, 12 km from the town of Teteven. It is located on the northeastern slope below the stone plumbs of Kamen Lisets peak (1073 m), on a rock protrusion of a mountain hill descending from it.
The Gorna Dzhumaya Uprising was an anti-Ottoman rebellion that broke out and spread throughout the Pirin region of Ottoman Macedonia in 1902. The uprising broke out on September 23, along the middle reaches of the Struma River in modern-day Bulgaria. It was poorly organized, premature and had a small scope. The uprising was held under the leadership of the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee (SMAC). The organizers were General Ivan Tsonchev and Stoyan Mihaylovski. The Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) disagreed with the SMAC plan and refused to take part in the fighting. The Bulgarian government also did not support the actions of the insurgents, because it was under strong international pressure. The Uprising was suppressed and ca. 2,000 refugees escaped to Bulgaria.
The Hilandar Monastery is one of the twenty Eastern Orthodox monasteries in Mount Athos in Greece and the only Serbian monastery there. It was founded in 1198 by Stefan Nemanja (Saint Symeon) and his son Saint Sava. St. Symeon was the former Grand Prince of Serbia (1166-1196) who upon relinquishing his throne took monastic vows and became an ordinary monk. He joined his son Saint Sava who was already in Mount Athos and who later became the first Archbishop of Serbia. Upon its foundation, the monastery became a focal point of the Serbian religious and cultural life, as well as "the first Serbian university". It is ranked fourth in the Athonite hierarchy of 20 sovereign monasteries.
The internal Macedonian revolutionary organization is a national liberation organization of the Bulgarians in Macedonia. The organization is the direct successor of the Internal Macedonian-Edirne Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) and is recognized by the majority of Macedonians as their liberation organization. The IMRO was rebuilt by Todor Alexandrov after Macedonia was again divided between Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria at the end of the First World War. The institutes, the structure of the revolutionary networks, the Chetnik organizations are directly borrowed from the old organization, where the majority of the IMRO activists come from. Its main goal is the acquisition of political autonomy of Macedonia and its unification into an independent state with a predominant Bulgarian population, with the capital Thessaloniki, a thesis supported by the government of Alexander Malinov in view of the political isolation and distrust of Bulgaria by the Great Powers. .
The June 9 coup was a coup d'etat in Bulgaria, carried out on the night of June 8-9, 1923 by army units under the leadership of the Military Union, which overthrew the government of the Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union (AUA) led by Alexander Stamboliiski. The People's Assembly also took part in the preparation of the coup, and subsequently it received the support of most opposition forces, with the exception of the second largest parliamentary party - the Bulgarian Communist Party.
The Law for Protection of the Nation was a Bulgarian law, effective from 23 January 1941 to 27 November 1944, which directed measures against Jews and others whose legal definition it established. The law was an anti-Jewish racial law passed by the parliament of the Kingdom of Bulgaria in December 1940 along with the example of the Nuremberg Laws in Nazi Germany. Under it, Jews were to be refused Bulgarian citizenship, in addition to; changes in the names of Jews, exclusion from public service, and politics, restrictions on their place of residence, prohibitions on economic and professional activity, and confiscation of property. After April 1941, the Law's provisions were applied beyond Bulgaria's pre-war borders to territories occupied by the Bulgarian army and claimed and administered by Bulgaria. This culminated in the deaths of most Jews living in these areas in the Holocaust.
The liberation of Bulgaria covers the events related to the restoration of the Bulgarian statehood after almost five hundred years of Ottoman rule. This happened as a result of the national Revival, which led to the recognition of the Bulgarian Exarchate and to the organization of the April Uprising. The uprising prompted Russia to start the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
Macedonian immigration to Bulgaria is a constituent part of the country's population. It was formed over many years, at first as part of the migration processes within the borders of the Ottoman Empire, but the most mass migrations to Bulgaria became the refugee waves from Macedonia in the period from the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century, which were the result of suppressed uprisings and mass persecutions against the Macedonian Bulgarians.
Majolica or maiolica in the original sense is a type of pottery with colored decorations on an opaque white ground of tin glaze. The best known is the Italian maiolica from the Renaissance. Towards the end of the 15th century, several places in northern and central Italy were producing sophisticated pieces for the luxury market in Italy and beyond.
Mila Rodino (Dear Motherland) has been the national anthem of Bulgaria since 1964. The basis of the music and lyrics is the song "Proud Stara Planina", written by Tsvetan Radoslavov in 1885. He composed it on the way to the battlefield during the Serbo-Bulgarian War. The text has been changed many times, most recently in 1990.
The Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps was a volunteer corps of the Bulgarian Army during the Balkan Wars. It was formed on 23 September 1912 and consisted of Bulgarian volunteers from Macedonia and Thrace, regions still under Ottoman rule, and thus not subject to Bulgarian military service. The Commander of the Corps was Major General Nikola Genev, Assistant Commander - Colonel Aleksandar Protogerov. The Chief of Staff was Major Petar Darvingov. During the Second Balkan War Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps took part in the battles against the Serbian Army. Besides Bulgarians, the corps also included volunteers from other nationalities, including several units made up of Armenians.
Mount Athos is a mountain and peninsula in northeastern Greece and an important center of Eastern Orthodox monasticism. It is governed as an autonomous polity within the Hellenic Republic, namely the Monastic State of the Holy Mountain and the Athonite under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Mount Athos has been inhabited since ancient times and is known for its long Christian presence and historical monastic traditions, which date back to at least AD 800 and the Byzantine era.
The National Academy of Arts is an institution of higher education in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It is the oldest and most renowned school of arts in the country. The National Academy of Arts was founded in 1896 by the noted artists and public figures Ivan Mrkvička, Anton Mitov , the Jewish sculptor Boris Schatz, as well as men of letters Konstantin Velichkov and Ivan Shishmanov. The faculty also included Jaroslav Věín. The National Academy of Arts edifice was built in 1906 after a project by Alexander Smirnov, the construction being guided by F. Schwanberg.
The Paris Peace Treaties were signed on 10 February 1947 following the end of the Second World War in 1945. The Paris Peace Conference lasted from 29 July until 15 October 1946. The victorious wartime Allied powers, principally the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, United States, and France, negotiated the details of peace treaties with those former Axis powers, namely Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland, which had switched sides and declared war on Germany during Second World War. They were allowed to fully resume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the United Nations.
The Monastery of Saint Ivan of Rila, better known as the Rila Monastery is the largest and most famous Eastern Orthodox monastery in Bulgaria. It is situated in the southwestern Rila Mountains, deep valley of the Rilska River, inside of Rila Monastery Nature Park. The monastery is named after its founder, the hermit Ivan of Rila (876 - 946 AD), and houses around 60 monks. Founded in the 10th century, the Rila Monastery is regarded as one of Bulgaria's most important cultural, historical and architectural monuments and is a key tourist attraction for both Bulgaria and Southern Europe. In 1976 it was declared a national historical monument and in 1983 it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire was the tenth in a series of Russo-Turkish wars. An important part of the aggravation and resolution of the Eastern Question in 1875-1878. The reason for the war was the Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1875), the April Uprising in Bulgaria (1876) and the Serbo-Turkish War (1876). Participants are the Ottoman Empire against Russia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro. The war was perceived and called Liberation, as it led to the liberation of some Bulgarians from Ottoman rule and the creation of the Third Bulgarian State. The attitude towards it is similar in Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, which are gaining full independence.
The Saint Sofia Church is the oldest church in the Bulgarian capital Sofia, dating to the 4th century. In the predecessor building took place the Council of Serdika held most probably in 343 and attended by 316 bishops. In the 14th century, the church gave its name to the city, previously known as Serdika. The church was built on the site of several earlier churches from the 4th century and places of worship dating back to the days when it was the necropolis of the Roman town of Serdika. In the 2nd century, it was the location of a Roman theatre.
The 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état, also known as the 9 September coup d'état, was the forcible change of the government of Kingdom of Bulgaria carried out on the eve of 9 September 1944. In Communist Bulgaria it was called People's Uprising of 9 September - on the grounds of the broad unrest, and Socialist Revolution - as it was a turning point politically and the beginning of radical reforms towards socialism.
The September Uprising of 1923 was an unsuccessful revolt organized by the Bulgarian Communist Party under pressure from the Comintern, as an attempt to overthrow the regime of the Democratic Alliance established by the June 9 coup earlier that year. It also includes left-wing farmers and anarchists. The uprising is aimed at "establishing a workers 'and peasants' government" in Bulgaria. The September Uprising as a concept was imposed by Bulgarian Marxist historiography. Contemporary historiography, taking into account the organization, scale and results that characterize the September events of 1923, describes them as the September riots.
The Second Balkan War, also called the Inter-Allied War, was a conflict that broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 June 1913. Serbian and Greek armies repulsed the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked, entering Bulgaria. With Bulgaria also having previously engaged in territorial disputes with Romania and the bulk of Bulgarian forces engaged in the south, the prospect of an easy victory incited Romanian intervention against Bulgaria. The Ottoman Empire also took advantage of the situation to regain some lost territories from the previous war. When Romanian troops approached the capital Sofia, Bulgaria asked for an armistice, resulting in the Treaty of Bucharest, in which Bulgaria had to cede portions of its First Balkan War gains to Serbia, Greece and Romania. In the Treaty of Constantinople, it lost Adrianople to the Ottomans.
The Second World War was a global war that involved fighting in most of the world. Most countries fought from 1939 to 1945, but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died, most of whom were civilians. The war included massacres, a genocide called the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.
The Serbo-Bulgarian War was a war between the Kingdom of Serbia and Principality of Bulgaria that erupted on 14 November 1885 and lasted until 28 November 1885. Despite Bulgaria being a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, the Turks did not intervene in the war. Serbia took the initiative in starting the war but was decisively defeated. Austria demanded Bulgaria stop its invasion, and a truce resulted. Final peace was signed on 3 March 1886 in Bucharest. The old boundaries were not changed. As a result of the war, European powers acknowledged the act of Unification of Bulgaria which happened on 18 September 1885.
The Serbo-Ottoman Wars, also known as the Serbian-Turkish Wars or Serbian Wars for Independence, were two consequent wars (1876 - 1877 and 1877 - 1878), fought between the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. In conjunction with the Principality of Montenegro, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 30 June 1876. By the intervention of major European powers, a ceasefire was concluded in autumn, and the Constantinople Conference was organized. Peace was signed on 28 February 1877 on the basis of status quo ante bellum. After a brief period of formal peace, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 11 December 1877. Renewed hostilities lasted until February 1878. Final outcome of wars was decided by the Congress of Berlin (1878). Serbia gained international recognition as an independent state, and its territory was expanded.
The Serbo-Turkish War of 1876 (also called the Serbo-Montenegrin-Turkish War of 1876-1878) was an armed conflict between Serbia and Montenegro, on the one hand, and the Ottoman Empire, on the other. The Allies fought to liberate Bosnia and Herzegovina from Ottoman rule, but were defeated. Although successful for the Ottoman Empire, the war provoked a deepening diplomatic crisis in the Balkans and Russian military intervention resulting in limited territorial gains for Serbia and Montenegro, the restoration of the Bulgarian state, and the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary in 1878.
The Seven Saints Church and formerly The Black Mosque is a Bulgarian Orthodox church in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It was created between 1901 and 1902 as an Ottoman mosque later converted into an orthodox Church, and was inaugurated on 27 July 1903. The church is named after Cyril and Methodius and their five disciples, known in the Orthodox Church collectively as the Sedmochislenitsi.
The Treaty of Bucharest was concluded on 10 August 1913, by the delegates of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. The Treaty was concluded in the aftermath of the Second Balkan War and amended the previous Treaty of London, which ended the First Balkan War. About one month later, the Bulgarians signed a separate border treaty (the Treaty of Constantinople) with the Ottomans, who had regained some territory west of the Enos-Midia Line during the second war.
The Unification of Bulgaria was the act of unification of the Principality of Bulgaria and the province of Eastern Rumelia in the autumn of 1885. It was coordinated by the Bulgarian Secret Central Revolutionary Committee (BSCRC). Both had been parts of the Ottoman Empire, but the Principality had functioned de facto independently whilst the Rumelian province was autonomous and had an Ottoman presence. The Unification was accomplished after revolts in Eastern Rumelian towns, followed by a coup on 18 September 1885 supported by the Bulgarian Knyaz Alexander I. The BSCRC, formed by Zahari Stoyanov, began actively popularizing the idea of unification by means of the press and public demonstrations in the spring of 1885.
The Virtuous Fellowship is a socio-political, strongly Russophile organization of wealthy Bulgarian emigrants, north of the Danube River, mainly in Romania and Russia. The virtuous troupe existed under different names in the period 1853 - 1897, with varying degrees of political activity. The founders, leaders and ideologues of the Virtuous Fellowship, in its most active period, are the brothers Evlogi and Hristo Georgievi.
Vitosha, the ancient Scomius or Scombrus, is a mountain massif, on the outskirts of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. Vitosha is one of the symbols of Sofia and the closest site for hiking, alpinism, and skiing. Vitosha is the oldest nature park in the Balkans. Vitosha is separated into four main parts whose main ridges gather at a crown known as Cherni Vrah. Since the ancient times of the Thracians, a large population has always existed at the base of Vitosha.
A winged wheel is a symbol used historically on monuments by the Ancient Greeks and Romans and more recently as a heraldic charge. The symbol is considered to be distinct from the older winged circle symbol which was commonly used in Mesopotamian and Assyrian symbolism. It was used by the ancient Greeks as a symbol of Hermes, the herald of the Gods, but despite this, it is relatively rare on surviving Greek and Roman monuments. When it does appear it is mainly as an abbreviation or indication of a chariot or to symbolize motion. The winged wheel is often used to represent the fabled chariot or velocipede of the Greek god Triptolemus.
The Saint George the Zograf Monastery or Zograf Monastery is one of the twenty Eastern Orthodox monasteries in Mount Athos in Greece. It was founded in the late 9th or early 10th century by three Bulgarians from Ohrid and is regarded as the historical Bulgarian monastery on Mount Athos, and is traditionally inhabited by Bulgarian Orthodox monks. The monastery is named after the 13th or 14th-century icon of Saint George.
Pernik is a town in western Bulgaria and the most populated town in western Bulgaria after Sofia. Originally the site of a Thracian fortress founded in the 4th century BC, and later a Roman settlement, Pernik became part of the Bulgarian Empire in the early 9th century as an important fortress. The medieval town was a key Bulgarian stronghold during Bulgarian tsar Samuil's wars against the Byzantine Empire in the 11th century, when it was governed by the local noble Krakra of Pernik, withstanding Byzantine sieges a number of times. From 1396 until 1878 the town was under Ottoman rule. In the 20th century, Pernik developed rapidly as a center for coal mining and heavy industry. During the Communist rule of Bulgaria it was called Dimitrovo between 1949 and 1962 after Bulgarian Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov. Economically Pernik is an industrial town. Industry is of vital importance for the economy of the province.
