The acanthus is one of the most common plant forms to make foliage ornament and decoration. In architecture, an ornament may be carved into stone or wood to resemble leaves from the Mediterranean species of the Acanthus genus of plants, which have deeply cut leaves with some similarity to those of the thistle and poppy.
An acroterion is an architectural ornament placed on a flat pedestal called the acroter or plinth and mounted at the apex or corner of a pediment or tympanum of a building in the classical style. The acroterion may take a wide variety of forms, such as a statue, tripod, disc, urn, palmette, or some other sculpted feature. Acroteria are also found in Gothic architecture. They are sometimes incorporated into furniture designs.
An anchor plate, floor plate, or wall washer is a large plate or washer connected to a tie rod or bolt. Anchor plates are used on exterior walls of masonry buildings, for structural reinforcement against lateral bowing. Anchor plates are made of cast iron, sometimes wrought iron or steel, and are often made in a decorative style. They are commonly found in many older cities, towns, and villages in Europe and in more recent cities with substantial 18th- and 19th-century brick construction.
An apron, in architecture, is a raised section of ornamental stonework below a window ledge, stone tablet, or monument. Aprons were used by Roman engineers to build Roman bridges. The main function of an apron was to surround the feet of the piers.
An arcade is a succession of contiguous arches, with each arch supported by a colonnade of columns or piers. Exterior arcades are designed to provide a sheltered walkway for pedestrians. The walkway may be lined with retail stores. An arcade may feature arches on both sides of the walkway. Alternatively, a blind arcade superimposes arcading against a solid wall.
In classical architecture, an architrave ("door frame") is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of columns. The term can also apply to all sides, including the vertical members, of a frame with mouldings around a door or window. The word "architrave" has come to be used to refer more generally to a style of mouldings (or other elements) framing a door, window or other rectangular opening, where the horizontal "head" casing extends across the tops of the vertical side casings where the elements join.
An astragal is a convex ornamental profile that separates two architectural components in classical architecture. The name is derived from the ancient Greek astragalos which means cervical vertebra. Astragals were used for columns as well as for the moldings of the entablature.
An avant-corps, a French term literally meaning "fore-body", is a part of a building, such as a porch or pavilion, that juts out from the corps de logis, often taller than other parts of the building. It is common in façades in French Baroque architecture.
An awning or overhang is a secondary covering attached to the exterior wall of a building. It is typically composed of canvas woven of acrylic, cotton or polyester yarn, or vinyl laminated to polyester fabric that is stretched tightly over a light structure of aluminium, iron or steel, possibly wood or transparent material.
Balconet or balconette is an architectural term to describe a false balcony, or railing at the outer plane of a window-opening reaching to the floor, and having, when the window is open, the appearance of a balcony.
A baluster is a vertical moulded shaft, square, or lathe-turned form found in stairways, parapets, and other architectural features. In furniture construction it is known as a spindle. Common materials used in its construction are wood, stone, and less frequently metal and ceramic. A group of balusters supporting a handrail, coping, or ornamental detail are known as a balustrade.
A bifora is a type of window divided vertically into two openings by a small column or a mullion or a pilaster; the openings are topped by arches, round or pointed. Sometimes the bifora is framed by a further arch; the space between the two arches may be decorated with a coat of arms or a small circular opening. The bifora was used in Byzantine architecture, including Italian buildings such as the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, in Ravenna. Typical of the Romanesque and Gothic periods, in which it became an ornamental motif for windows and belfries, the bifora was also often used during the Renaissance period. In Baroque architecture and Neoclassical architecture, the bifora was largely forgotten or replaced by elements like the three openings of the Venetian window. It was also copied in the Moorish architecture in Spain.
A bossage is an uncut stone that is laid in place in a building, projecting outward from the building. This uncut stone is either for an ornamental purpose, creating a play of shadow and light, or for a defensive purpose, making the wall less vulnerable to attacks.
In architecture the capital (from the Latin caput, or "head") or chapiter forms the topmost member of a column (or a pilaster). It mediates between the column and the load thrusting down upon it, broadening the area of the column's supporting surface. The capital, projecting on each side as it rises to support the abacus, joins the usually square abacus and the usually circular shaft of the column.
A cartouche (also cartouch) is an oval or oblong design with a slightly convex surface, typically edged with ornamental scrollwork. It is used to hold a painted or low-relief design. Since the early 16th century, the cartouche is a scrolling frame device, derived originally from Italian cartuccia. Such cartouches are characteristically stretched, pierced and scrolling.
In architecture, a corbel is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight, a type of bracket. A corbel is a solid piece of material in the wall, whereas a console is a piece applied to the structure.
In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian cornice meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element - the cornice over a door or window, for instance, or the cornice around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior wall.
Cresting, in architecture, is ornamentation attached to the ridge of a roof, cornice, coping or parapet, usually made of a metal such as iron or copper. Cresting is associated with Second Empire architecture, where such decoration stands out against the sharp lines of the mansard roof. It became popular in the late 19th century, with mass-produced sheet metal cresting patterns available by the 1890s.
A dentil is a small block used as a repeating ornament in the bedmould of a cornice. Dentils are found in ancient Greek and Roman architecture, and also in later styles such as Neoclassical, Federal, Georgian Revival, Greek Revival, Renaissance Revival, Second Empire, and Beaux-Arts architecture.
Egg-and-dart, also known as egg-and-tongue, egg and anchor, or egg and star, is an ornamental device adorning the fundamental quarter-round, convex ovolo profile of molding, consisting of alternating details on the face of the ovolotypically an egg-shaped object alternating with a V-shaped element (e.g., an arrow, anchor, or dart). The device is carved or otherwise fashioned into ovolos composed of wood, stone, plaster, or other materials.
An epigraph is an inscription or legend that serves mainly to characterize a building, distinguishing itself from the inscription itself in that it is usually shorter and it also announces the fate of the building.
A festoon, (originally a festal garland, Latin festum, feast) is a wreath or garland hanging from two points, and in architecture typically a carved ornament depicting conventional arrangement of flowers, foliage or fruit bound together and suspended by ribbons. The motif is sometimes known as a swag when depicting fabric or linen.
A finial or hip knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature. In architecture, it is a small decorative device, employed to emphasize the apex of a dome, spire, tower, roof, gable, or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure.
The Green Man, and very occasionally the Green Woman, is a legendary being primarily interpreted as a symbol of rebirth, representing the cycle of new growth that occurs every spring. The Green Man is most commonly depicted in a sculpture or other representation of a face that is made of or completely surrounded by leaves. The Green Man motif has many variations. Branches or vines may sprout from the mouth, nostrils, or other parts of the face, and these shoots may bear flowers or fruit. Found in many cultures from many ages around the world, the Green Man is often related to natural vegetation deities. Often used as decorative architectural ornaments, Green Men are frequently found in carvings on both secular and ecclesiastical buildings.
A gutta (literally means "drops") is a small water-repelling, cone-shaped projection used near the top of the architrave of the Doric order in classical architecture. It is thought that the guttae were a skeuomorphic representation of the pegs used in the construction of the wooden structures that preceded the familiar Greek architecture in stone. However, they have some functionality, as water drips over the edges, away from the edge of the building.
A keystone is a wedge-shaped stone at the apex of a masonry arch or typically a round-shaped one at the apex of a vault. In both cases it is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch or vault to bear weight. In arches and vaults, keystones are often enlarged beyond the structural requirements and decorated. A variant in domes and crowning vaults is a lantern.
Leaf and dart is an ornamental motif made up of heart-shaped leaves alternating with spearheads. This motif was used in Ancient Greek and Roman architecture. It was taken up again during the Renaissance, abundantly in the 18th century, being used in the Louis XVI style.
A lesene, also called a pilaster strip, is an architectural term for a narrow, low-relief, vertical pillar in a wall. It resembles a pilaster but does not have a base or capital. It is typical in Lombardic and Rijnlandish architectural building styles. Lesenes are used in architecture to vertically divide a facade or other wall surface optically, albeitunlike pilasterswithout a base or capital. Their function is ornamental, not just to decorate the plain surface of a wall but, in the case of corner lesenes, to emphasize the edges of a building.
A loggia is a covered exterior corridor or porch that is part of the ground floor or can be elevated on another level. The roof is supported by columns or arches and the outer side is open to the elements.
In architecture, a mascaron ornament is a face, usually human, sometimes frightening or chimeric whose alleged function was originally to frighten away evil spirits so that they would not enter the building. The concept was subsequently adapted to become a purely decorative element. The most recent architectural styles to extensively employ mascarons were Beaux Arts and Art Nouveau.
A medallion is a carved relief in the shape of an oval or circle, used as an ornament on a building or on a monument. Medallions were mainly used in the 18th and 19th centuries as decoration on buildings. They are made of stone, wood, ceramics or metal.
A niche is a recess in the thickness of a wall. By installing a niche, the wall surface will be deeper than the rest of the wall over a certain height and width. A niche is often rectangular in shape, sometimes a niche is closed at the top with an arch, such as the round-arched friezes in a pilaster strip decoration. Niches often have a special function such as an apse or choir niche that houses an altar, or a tomb.
An oriel window is a form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. Supported by corbels, brackets, or similar cantilevers, an oriel window is most commonly found projecting from an upper floor but is also sometimes used on the ground floor.
The palmette is a motif in decorative art which, in its most characteristic expression, resembles the fan-shaped leaves of a palm tree. It has a far-reaching history, originating in ancient Egypt with a subsequent development through the art of most of Eurasia, often in forms that bear relatively little resemblance to the original. In ancient Greek and Roman uses it is also known as the anthemion. It is found in most artistic media, but especially as an architectural ornament, whether carved or painted, and painted on ceramics.
A pediment is an architectural element found particularly in Classical, Neoclassical and Baroque architecture, and its derivatives, consisting of a gable, usually of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel, or entablature, if supported by columns. The tympanum, the triangular area within the pediment, is often decorated with relief sculpture. A pediment is sometimes the top element of a portico. For symmetric designs, it provides a center point and is often used to add grandness to entrances.
In classical architecture, a pilaster is an architectural element used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. It consists of a flat surface raised from the main wall surface, usually treated as though it were a column, with a capital at the top, plinth (base) at the bottom, and the various other column elements.
A protome is a type of adornment that takes the form of the head and upper torso of either a human or an animal. Protomes were often used to decorate ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and pottery. Protomes were also used in Persian monuments.
A putto is a figure in a work of art depicted as a chubby male child, usually naked and sometimes winged. Originally limited to profane passions in symbolism, the putto came to represent the sacred cherub, and in Baroque art the putto came to represent the omnipresence of God.
A quadrilateral is a particular shape in tracery where four overlapping circles are located in a quadrilateral and are open on the side where they meet. They have been mainly used in the Gothic tracings of windows. They are frequently used in combination with other ornate motifs.
Quoins are masonry blocks at the corner of a wall. Some are structural, providing strength for a wall made with inferior stone or rubble, while others merely add aesthetic detail to a corner.
A rosette is a round, stylized flower design. The rosette derives from the natural shape of the botanical rosette, formed by leaves radiating out from the stem of a plant and visible even after the flowers have withered. The rosette design is used extensively in sculptural objects from antiquity, appearing in Mesopotamia, and in funeral steles' decoration in Ancient Greece. The rosette was another important symbol of Ishtar which had originally belonged to Inanna along with the Star of Ishtar. It was adopted later in Romaneseque and Renaissance architecture, and also common in the art of Central Asia, spreading as far as India where it is used as a decorative motif in Greco-Buddhist art.
A spandrel is a roughly triangular space, usually found in pairs, between the top of an arch and a rectangular frame; between the tops of two adjacent arches or one of the four spaces between a circle within a square. They are frequently filled with decorative elements.
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are typically built of stonework or brickwork, or else of timber structure with metal cladding, ceramic tiling, shingles, or slates on the exterior.
In Classical architecture a term or terminal figure is a human head and bust that continues as a square tapering pillar-like form. In the architecture and the painted architectural decoration of the European Renaissance and the succeeding Classical styles, term figures are quite common. Often they represent minor deities associated with fields and vineyards and the edges of woodland, Pan and fauns and Bacchantes especially, and they may be draped with garlands of fruit and flowers.
A trefoil ('three-leaved plant') is a graphic form composed of the outline of three overlapping rings, used in architecture and Christian symbolism, among other areas. The term is also applied to other symbols with a threefold shape. A similar shape with four rings is called a quatrefoil.
Trifora is a type of three-light window. The trifora usually appears in towers and belfrieson the top floors, where it is necessary to lighten the structure with wider openings. The trifora has three openings divided by two small columns or pilasters, on which rest three arches, round or acute. Sometimes, the whole trifora is framed by a further large arch. The space among arches is usually decorated by a coat of arms or a circular opening. Less popular than the mullioned window, the trifora was, however, widely used in the Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance periods. Later, the window was mostly forgotten, coming back in vogue in the nineteenth century, in the period of eclecticism and the rediscovery of ancient styles (Neo-Gothic, Neo-Renaissance, and so on). Compared to the mullioned window, the trifora was generally used for larger and more ornate openings.
Triglyph is an architectural term for the vertically channeled tablets of the Doric frieze in classical architecture, so called because of the angular channels in them. The rectangular recessed spaces between the triglyphs on a Doric frieze are called metopes. The raised spaces between the channels themselves (within a triglyph) are called femur in Latin or meros in Greek. In the strict tradition of classical architecture, a set of guttae, the six triangular "pegs" below, always go with a triglyph above (and vice versa), and the pair of features are only found in entablatures of buildings using the Doric order. The absence of the pair effectively converts a building from being in the Doric order to being in the Tuscan order.
In architecture, a turret is a small tower that projects vertically from the wall of a building such as a medieval castle. Turrets were used to provide a projecting defensive position allowing covering fire to the adjacent wall in the days of military fortification. As their military use faded, turrets were used for decorative purposes.
A tympanum (from Greek and Latin words meaning "drum") is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door or window, which is bounded by a lintel and an arch. It often contains pedimental sculpture or other imagery or ornaments. Many architectural styles include this element.
A volute is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column. It was later incorporated into Corinthian order and Composite column capitals. The word derives from the Latin voluta ("scroll").
A wind vane is an instrument used for showing the direction of the wind. It is typically used as an architectural ornament to the highest point of a building. Although partly functional, wind vanes are generally decorative, often featuring the traditional cockerel design with letters indicating the points of the compass. Other common motifs include ships, arrows, and horses. Not all wind vanes have pointers. In a sufficiently strong wind, the head of the arrow or cockerel (or equivalent) will indicate the direction from which the wind is blowing.
Franjo Jenč (March 20, 1867, Zemun - November 15, 1967, Zemun) was an architect and builder. He designed and built over 100 buildings, most of them in Zemun. After high school, Jenč worked as a mason's assistant for two years, and in 1889. In 2010, he went to Salzburg, where he also gained practice and listened to evening lectures at a construction school. In 1894, he went to Zagreb and passed the exam for an authorized construction master. His first independent work was the building of the Serbian House in Sremska Mitrovica. In 1895, Jenč married Jozefina Cermak, a Romanian of Czech origin, with whom he had six children. Their son Franja also studied architecture in Vienna and Prague. The family house of the Jenčovs in Zemun was demolished during the construction of a substation in the 1960s.
Friedrich Ohmann (21 December 1858, Lemberg - 6 April 1927, Vienna) was an Austrian architect in the Historicist style. His father was a building official. In 1877, he began his studies in architecture at the Technical University in Vienna. His professors there included Heinrich von Ferstel and Karl König. In order to gain more creative training, he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts and studied with Friedrich von Schmidt. From 1889 to 1899, he was a Professor of decorative architecture at the Academy of Arts, Architecture, and Design in Prague, and was involved in several restoration projects. He served as the artistic director for the Neue Hofburg from 1899 to 1907. Early in 1918, he presented the first drafts for a large monument dedicated to Emperor Franz Joseph I, which he thought would be a logical addition to the Votivkirhe, but the project was never pursued after the war.
Mehmed Ali Pasha (November 18, 1827 - September 7, 1878) was a Prussian-born Ottoman career officer and marshal. He was the grandfather of the Turkish statesman Ali Fuat Cebesoy, and the great-grandfather of famous poets Nâzım Hikmet and Oktay Rıfat Horozcu, and the socialist activist, lawyer, and athlete Mehmet Ali Aybar.
Miloš Obrenović (18 March 1780 or 1783 - 26 September 1860) born Miloš Teodorović, also known as Miloš the Great was the Prince of Serbia twice, from 1815 to 1839, and from 1858 to 1860. He was an eminent figure of the First Serbian Uprising, the leader of the Second Serbian Uprising, and the founder of the House of Obrenović. Under his rule, Serbia became an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire. Prince Miloš was an autocrat, consistently refusing to decentralize power, which gave rise to a strong internal opposition. During his rule, Miloš the Great bought a certain number of estates and ships from the Ottomans and was also a prominent trader. Despite his humble background, he eventually became the most affluent man in Serbia and one of the wealthiest in the Balkan peninsula, possessing estates in Vienna, Serbia, and Wallachia
Stojan Titelbah also spelled Stojan Titelbach (1877 - 20 March 1916) was a Serbian architect who worked in the Serbian metropolis Belgrade. Titelbah was born in Belgrade to Czech engineer Vladislav Titelbah (who had emigrated from Prague to Serbia in 1875), and Katica (née Vasić) of Belgrade. He finished primary and secondary school in Belgrade. Stojan went on to study architecture at the Faculty of Technology at the Grande école. He graduated in 1901 from the Department of Architecture. His most significant works include, for example, the New Palace, which was commissioned by the court. He also designed several smaller houses in the Serbian capital.
Viktor Kovačić (18741924) was a Croatian architect and is often called "the father of modern Croatian architecture". He was born in 1874 in Ločendol near Rogaka Slatina, present-day Slovenia. After graduating from the Crafts School in Graz in 1891, at the age of seventeen, he came to Zagreb where he was a trainee in local construction firms. He studied architecture at the Akademie der bildenden Künste in Vienna and opened a studio in Zagreb in 1899. He was co-founder of the Club of Croatian Architects in 1906. He worked at the Engineering College (Technical High School) in Zagreb from 1920, attaining a professorship in 1922. Viktor Kovačić died in Zagreb on October 21, 1924.
Freiherr Heinrich von Ferstel (7 July 1828 - 14 July 1883) was an Austrian architect and professor, who played a vital role in building late 19th-century Vienna. From 1847 he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna under Eduard van der Nüll and August Sicard von Sicardsburg. He undertook some journeys of some length into Germany, Belgium, Holland, and England confirmed him in his tendency towards Romanticism. It was in Italy, however, where he was sent as a bursar in 1854, that he was converted to the Renaissance style of architecture, and his admiration for Bramante. While still in Italy he was awarded the prize in the competition for the Votive Church in Vienna over 74 contestants.
Hugo Ehrlich (31 January 1879 - 21 September 1936) was a Croatian architect. Ehrlich was born in Zagreb to a wealthy Jewish family of builder and entrepreneur Herman Ehrlich and his wife Marija. In 1897, Ehrlich enrolled in the Vienna University of Technology, just like his brother Đuro had a few years before. He studied under architect Carl König, for whom he worked as an associate in the König studio. After graduation from the university, Ehrlich stayed in Vienna, where he worked for Humbert Walcher. Ehrlich died in Zagreb on 21 September 1936 and was buried at the Mirogoj Cemetery.
Jovan Ilkić (Zemun, 1857 - Neusiedl am See, 1917) was a Serbian architect. He significantly influenced the development of architecture in Serbia in the last quarter of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. He realized about a hundred projects. He was born into a merchant family in Zemun, where he completed elementary school and junior high school. In Vienna, he graduated from the Real Gymnasium, and then enrolled in architectural studies with Teofil Hansen at the Academy of Fine Arts. He graduated in 1883. Until August of the same year, he was employed in the Hansen bureau for the construction of the Parliament in Vienna, and then he came to Serbia, at the invitation of King Milan Obrenović, to complete the work on the decoration of the Old Palace. After arriving in Serbia, he got a job in the Ministry of Construction, where he worked as a contract engineer from 1883 to 1899 and as a regular engineer from 1900 to 1910.
Antwerp is a central city in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital of the province of Antwerp and of the district of the same name. The city is largely located on the right bank of the Scheldt, which forms part of the municipal and provincial border. The extensive port area with international freight transport is located around the Scheldt. The city itself is abbreviated 't Stad by some of its inhabitants and sometimes called the cake city, the latter because of the many cake factories between 1830 and 1960 in Antwerp. The city is also a world center for the diamond and gold trade.
Batajnica is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital city of Serbia. It is located in the Belgrade municipality of Zemun. Batajnica is located in the Syrmia region, in the northern part of the municipality, close to the administrative border of the province of Vojvodina and it is both the northernmost and the westernmost part of Belgrade's urban area. It is close to the Danube's right bank, but not on the river itself, due to the floodings.
Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Belgrade is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Europe and the World. One of the most important prehistoric cultures of Europe, the Vinča culture, evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region and, after 279 BC, Celts settled the city, naming it Singidűn. It was conquered by the Romans under the reign of Augustus and awarded Roman city rights in the mid-2nd century. It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s, and changed hands several times between the Byzantine Empire, the Frankish Empire, the Bulgarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Hungary before it became the seat of the Serbian king Stefan Dragutin in 1284.
Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. First documented in the 13th century and at the crossing of two important historic trade routes. erlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417-1701), the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1918), the German Empire (1871-1918), the Weimar Republic (1919-1933), and the Third Reich (1933-1945). Berlin in the 1920s was the third-largest municipality in the world. After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries, the city was divided; West Berlin became a de facto exclave of West Germany, surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961-1989) and East German territory. East Berlin was declared the capital of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital. Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all of Germany.
Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary. The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum, the capital of Lower Pannonia. The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century, but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241. After the reconquest of Buda from the Ottoman Empire in 1686, the region entered a new age of prosperity, with Pest-Buda becoming a global city after the unification of Buda, Óbuda, and Pest on 17 November 1873, with the name Budapest given to the new capital.
Geneva is the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva. Geneva is a global city, a financial center, and a worldwide center for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations, including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross. Geneva was an Allobrogian border town, fortified against the Helvetii tribe when the Romans took it in 121 BC. It became Christian under the Late Roman Empire, and acquired its first bishop in the 5th century, having been connected to the Bishopric of Vienne in the 4th.
Istanbul, formerly known as Constantinople, is the largest city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural and historic center. The city straddles the Bosporus strait, and lies in both Europe and Asia. Founded as Byzantion by Megarian colonists in the 7th century BCE, and renamed by Constantine the Great first as New Rome during the official dedication of the city as the new Roman capital in 330 CE, which he soon afterwards changed to Constantinople, the city grew in size and influence, becoming a beacon of the Silk Road and one of the most important cities in history.
Milan is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire, the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of LombardyVenetia. Milan is considered a leading alpha global city, with strengths in the fields of art, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research and tourism. The city has been recognized as one of the world's four fashion capitals.
Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia and is located on the Moskva River in Central Russia. First documented in 1147, Moscow grew to become a prosperous and powerful city that served as the capital of the Grand Duchy that bears its namesake. When the Grand Duchy of Moscow evolved into the Tsardom of Russia, Moscow still remained as the political and economic center for most of the Tsardom's history. As the historic core of Russia, Moscow serves as the home of numerous Russian artists, scientists, and sports figures due to the presence of its various museums, academic and political institutions, and theatres. The city is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is well known for its display of Russian architecture, particularly its historic Red Square, and buildings such as the Saint Basil's Cathedral and the Moscow Kremlin, of which the latter serves as the seat of power of the Government of Russia.
Novi Sad is the second largest city in Serbia and the capital of the autonomous province of Vojvodina. It is located in the southern portion of the Pannonian Plain on the border of the Baćka and Syrmia geographical regions. Lying on the banks of the Danube river, the city faces the northern slopes of Fruka Gora. Novi Sad was founded in 1694 when Serb merchants formed a colony across the Danube from the Petrovaradin Fortress, a strategic Habsburg military post. In subsequent centuries, it became an important trading, manufacturing and cultural centre, and has historically been dubbed the Serbian Athens. The city was heavily devastated in the 1848 Revolution, but was subsequently rebuilt and restored.
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe`s major centers of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, science, and arts. Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine whose crest includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city.
Pyrgoi is a village and a community in the Eordaia municipality. It is located in Northern Greece, in the region of Western Macedonia. Before the 2011 local government reform, it was part of the municipality of Vermio, of which it was a municipal district. In a location near the village, it can be concluded from archeological findings (coins, tombs, inscriptions) that there was an ancient settlement during the Hellenistic and Roman period, which was in control of a route that led from Eordaea to southern Macedonia.
Salzburg is a city in Austria and is the capital of the state of the same name. The city is located on the Salzach in the Flachgau region near the border with Germany. Salzburg is famous as Mozart's birthplace and hosts the Salzburger Festspiele in summer. The much-visited city center is in its entirety on the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is dominated by baroque buildings, including the cathedral, and by the Hohensalzburg Fortress, a medieval fortress on a hill 120 m above the town. Salzburg has been the chief town of an archbishopric since the end of the eighth century, whose influence extended far into Bavaria and into Austria.
id is a town and municipality located in the Srem District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. id was first mentioned in 1702. At first, the settlement was part of the Danubian Military Frontier, but since the middle of the 18th century, it was part of the Syrmia County of the Habsburg Kingdom of Slavonia. In 1848-1849, id was part of Serbian Vojvodina, and in 1849-1860 part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar. After the abolishment of the voivodeship in 1860, id was again incorporated into Syrmia County of the Kingdom of Slavonia. Since 1944, the town is part of Vojvodina, which (from 1945) was an autonomous province of Serbia and Yugoslavia.
Smederevska Palanka is a town and municipality located in the Podunavlje District and the geographical region of umadija. In the vicinity of the town, there are two archaeological sites: Medvednjak, near Grčac, and Staro Selo, near Selevac. They belong to the end of the Neolithic and early Eneolithic, or the period 4500-3500 BC, during the developed and ending phase of the Vinča culture when the first evidence of metallurgy appeared. There are also numerous finds from both Roman and Medieval periods. The most unusual of these finds is the cameo in two-layered onyx of Emperor Constantine I in full battle gear on a horse which was discovered near Kusadak, a village in the Smederevka Palanka municipality.
Sremski Karlovci is a town and municipality located in the South Bačka District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The town is situated along the Danube River in the geographical region of Syrmia. The town of Sremski Karlovci is the only settlement in the municipality. The town has traditionally been known as the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Habsburg Monarchy. It was the political and cultural capital of Serbian Vojvodina after the May Assembly and during the Revolution in 1848. The former Serbian name used for the town was Karlovci, which is also used today, albeit unofficially.
Sremska Mitrovica is a town settlement and the seat of the local self-government unit of the same name. Sremska Mitrovica is also the largest city in Srem, the administrative center of the Srem administrative district and one of the oldest cities in Vojvodina and Serbia. The city is located on the left bank of the Sava River. The ancient city of Sirmium, located on the territory of today's Sremska Mitrovica, was the capital of the Roman Empire during the Tetrarchy period.
Szeged is the third largest city in Hungary, the largest city and regional center of the Southern Great Plain, and the county seat of Csongrád-Csanád county. The University of Szeged is one of the most distinguished universities in Hungary. Szeged and its area have been inhabited since ancient times. Ptolemy mentions the oldest known name of the city, Partiscum. It is possible that Attila, king of the Huns had his seat somewhere in this area. The name Szeged was first mentioned in 1183, in a document of King Béla III.
Thessaloniki, also known as Thessalonica, Saloniki, Solun or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece. Thessaloniki is located on the Thermaic Gulf, at the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea. The city of Thessaloniki was founded in 315 BC by Cassander of Macedon and was named after his wife Thessalonike, daughter of Philip II of Macedon and sister of Alexander the Great.
Uherský Brod is a town in Uherské Hraditě District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. The historic town center is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone. The first written mentions of Uherský Brod are from 1030 and 1048 when customs were collected here in a locality called Na Brodě. Location by trade routes and suitable climatic conditions led to the development of the settlement called Brod into a town. In 1272, the village was promoted to a royal town by King Ottokar II of Bohemia. In 1275, the name Uherský Brod was first used.
Vienna is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, and its cultural, economic, and political center. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.
Vinkovci is a Croatian town in eastern Slavonia and has been inhabited since the Roman period. The city was then called Colonia Aurelia Cibalae and was the birthplace of the Roman emperors and brothers Valentinian I and Valens. The Roman seaside resort and other Roman buildings, which are located close to the center of Vinkovci, are still preserved. Vinkovci and its surroundings were greatly affected by the events of 1991. The town was close to the front lines between the Croatian Republic and the Republic of Serbian Krajina, but still managed to avoid the fate of Vukovar, in the infamous Battle of Vukovar .
Zagreb is the capital and largest city of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from Roman times. The oldest settlement in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia, in today's čitarjevo. The name "Zagreb" is recorded in 1134, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094. Zagreb became a free royal city in 1242. The etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used for the united city only from 1852, but it had been in use as the name of the Zagreb Diocese since the 12th century and was increasingly used for the city in the 17th century.
Zlín, from 1949 until 1989 called Gottwaldov, is a city in the Czech Republic. It is the seat of the Zlín Region and it lies on the Dřevnice river. It is known as an industrial center. The development of the modern city is closely connected to the Bata Shoes company and its social scheme, which developed after the First World War. A large part of Zlín is urbanistically and architecturally valuable and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.
Zürich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich. It is located in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich. Permanently settled for over 2,000 years, Zürich was founded by the Romans, who, in 15 BC, called it Turicum. However, early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years. The official language of Zürich is German, but the main spoken language is Zürich German, the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect. Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city, including the Swiss National Museum and Kunsthaus. Schauspielhaus Zürich is considered to be one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world.
Aleksandar Streicher, who was born in 1861, was certainly one of the most striking offspring of this family. Inheriting the entire business from his father Đura, in his youth he managed more than he worked and was known far and wide as a cheerful and sociable man. After his father's death, he lived as a rentier, however, developing his business, especially as regards fishing. ivača, a pond near Boljevac, previous property of the financial era, in 1897 it passed "into unlimited ownership" of his. The new owner had big plans for the arrangement of fishing, and the well-known Zemun builder Josip Marks took over the designs and construction. Already on August 9, 1897, the houses and the water lock of Sandor Streicher on ivača were ceremoniously consecrated. A special boat brought guests from Zemun, over 40 people, and guests from Boljevac and Surčin were also present. The consecration was performed by Catholic priest trac and parish priest Matić, an Orthodox priest from Surčino. Apart from ivača, Aleksandar Streicher was also the lessee of all the fishing waters of Zemun, from Beljarica to Pančevo, on the Danube, and on the Sava from Belgrade to Kupinov, from 1887 to 1907.
Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (12 July 1884 - 24 January 1920) was an Italian painter and sculptor who worked mainly in France. He is known for portraits and nudes in a modern style characterized by a surreal elongation of faces, necks, and figures that were not received well during his lifetime, but later became much sought-after. Modigliani spent his youth in Italy, where he studied the art of antiquity and the Renaissance. In 1906, he moved to Paris, where he came into contact with such artists as Pablo Picasso and Constantin Brâncuşi. By 1912, Modigliani was exhibiting highly stylized sculptures with Cubists of the Section d'Or group at the Salon d'Automne.
Đurđe Teodorović (Obrovac, December 18, 1907 - Belgrade, July 6, 1986) was a Serbian and Yugoslav academic painter, full professor at the Faculty of Fine Arts in Belgrade, scenographer, illustrator of books and posters, and caricaturist. Together with the painters of socialist realism, he founded the art group "Life", but after his training in Paris, he returned as a modernist who played with form to the point of abstraction. He showed special skill in composition, and his forms are monumental, dignified and playful.
Duan Vukasović, Serbian officer and national hero, (October 26, 1909, March 20, 1945). Vukasović, a teacher by profession, joined the NOVJ in 1941 and the KPJ the following year. During the war he was the commander of several units; at the time of his death, he was the commander of the 36th Division. On July 6, 1953, he was declared a national hero.
Joseph II (13 March 1741 - 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 18 August 1765 and the sole ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 29 November 1780 until his death. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Emperor Francis I, and the brother of Marie Antoinette, Leopold II, Maria Carolina of Austria, and Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma. He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the union of the Houses of Habsburg and Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine.
Enriko Josif (1 May 1924 - 13 March 2003) was a Serbian composer, pedagogue and musical writer, and member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He was born on May 1, 1924, in Belgrade into a Sephardic Jewish family. His father, Mosha Josif was a merchant representative of Italian and German industries and an amateur dramatist. His mother Sofia (born Fahri), was from a rich family from Zemun. Enriko Josif wrote his first compositions as a student (Four sketches for piano, Improvization on folk theme for strings, Sonata brevis for piano, string quartet Quartetto lirico, Isečak for narrator, soprano and piano four-hands, Simfonietta) and his fertile creative work followed his pedagogical activities as well. Josif wrote pieces for solo-instruments, chamber, choral, orchestral music, pieces for choir and orchestra and film music.
Franz Joseph I was Emperor of Austria and king of Hungary. He became emperor during the Revolutions of 1848 after the abdication of his uncle, Ferdinand I. With his prime minister, Felix, prince zu Schwarzenberg, he achieved a powerful position for Austria, in particular with the Punctation of Olmütz convention in 1850. His harsh, absolutist rule within Austria produced a strong central government but also led to rioting and an assassination attempt. Following Austrias defeat by Prussia in the Seven Weeks War (1866), he responded to Hungarian national unrest by accepting the Compromise of 1867. He adhered to the Three Emperors League and formed an alliance with Prussian-led Germany that led to the Triple Alliance (1882). In 1898 his wife was assassinated, and in 1889 his son Rudolf, his heir apparent died in a suicide love pact. In 1914 his ultimatum to Serbia following the murder of the next heir presumptive, Franz Ferdinand, led Austria and Germany into World War I.
Georgi Nikolov Delchev (4 February 1872 - 4 May 1903), known as Gotse Delchev or Goce Delčev, was an important Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary (komitadji), active in the Ottoman-ruled Macedonia and Adrianople regions at the turn of the 20th century. He was the most prominent leader of what is known today as the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), a secret revolutionary society that was active in Ottoman territories in the Balkans at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Delchev was its representative in Sofia, the capital of the Principality of Bulgaria. As such, he was also a member of the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee (SMAC), participating in the work of its governing body. He was killed in a skirmish with an Ottoman unit on the eve of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie uprising.
Hadji Mustafa Pasha was an Ottoman commander and politician of Greek Muslim origin who lived in Sanjak of Smederevo (in modern-day Serbia). He fought in the Austro-Turkish War (17871791) and the Russo-Turkish War (17681774). In the period between 1793 and 1801, he was Vizier of the Sanjak of Smederevo (also known as Belgrade Pashaluk). On 15 December 1801, he was murdered by Kuchuk Alija, one of four rebel Janissary leaders who took control over the sanjak.
Josif Rajačić (20 July 1785 - 1 December 1861), also known as Josif Rajačić-Brinski, was a metropolitan of Sremski Karlovci, Serbian Patriarch, administrator of Vojvodina, and baron. He became the administrator of Serbian Vojvodina and was head of the new Serb government of Vojvodina. Rajačić formed an alliance with the House of Habsburg after being promised autonomy for opposing the 1848 Hungarian Revolution. After the Hungarians were defeated, Rajačić was nominated civil commissioner of Vojvodina by the Austrian Empire Rajačić assisted in the educational development of the Serb people in the Austrian Empire. He was decorated Order of Leopold and Order of the Iron Crown of the first class.
Josip Juraj Strossmayer, also trosmajer (4 February 1815 - 8 April 1905) was a Croatian politician, Roman Catholic bishop, and benefactor. Strossmayer was born in Osijek to a Croatian family. His great-grandfather was an ethnic German immigrant from Styria who had married a Croatian woman. Strossmayer was instrumental in the founding of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1866, as well as the re-establishment of the University of Zagreb in 1874. He initiated the building of the Academy Palace (completed in 1880) and set up The Strossmayer Gallery of Old Masters (1884) in Zagreb.
Konstantin Konstantinovich Rodofinikin (17601838) was a Russian diplomat, head of the Russian mission in Serbia (18081813) and a member of the State Council of the Russian Empire. Diplomatic experience and knowledge will later lead Rodofinikin to the position of head of the Asian Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (the most significant - later renamed the First Department of the MID, which manages all affairs related to Constantinople and the Eastern Question, which is the most important scene of Russian foreign policy). Rodofinikin will remain in that position from 1819 to 1837.
Max Jacob (12 July 1876 - 5 March 1944) was a French poet, painter, writer, and critic. After spending his childhood in Quimper, Brittany, he enrolled in the Paris Colonial School, which he left in 1897 for an artistic career. He was one of the first friends Pablo Picasso made in Paris. They met in the summer of 1901, and it was Jacob who helped the young artist learn French. Later, on the Boulevard Voltaire, he shared a room with Picasso, who remained a lifelong friend (and was included in his artwork Three Musicians). Jacob introduced him to Guillaume Apollinaire, who in turn introduced Picasso to Georges Braque. He would become close friends with Jean Cocteau, Jean Hugo, Christopher Wood, and Amedeo Modigliani, who painted his portrait in 1916. He also befriended and encouraged the artist Romanin, otherwise known as French politician and future Resistance leader Jean Moulin. Moulin's famous nom de guerre Max is presumed to be selected in honor of Jacob.
Mihailo Polit-Desančić (Novi Sad, April 4/16, 1833 Pustara mira, Timisoara, March 30, 1920) was a Serbian politician, journalist, and writer. He graduated in legal sciences in Vienna and in political sciences in Paris. Polyglot and erudite, the closest associate of Svetozar Miletić and next to him, the greatest Serbian politician of Vojvodina at the time. He edited the liberal "Branik". He was a member of the Croatian and Hungarian parliaments and a member of the Church-School Assembly in Sremski Karlovci. After the disintegration of Miletić's party and its division into Radical and Liberal, he became the head of Vojvodina liberals. He was a great orator. In his youth, he was engaged in literature.
Mikhail Grigoryevich Chernyaev was a Russian major general, who, together with Konstantin Kaufman and Mikhail Skobelev, directed the Russian conquest of Central Asia during the reign of Tsar Alexander II. Mikhail Chernyaev was born in 1828 in Bender, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire. In 1877 he visited Austria-Hungary in relation to his propaganda, but was expelled, and lived for a time in France. In 1879 he organized a Bulgarian rebellion, but was arrested at Adrianople (Edirne) and sent back to Russia. He succeeded Kaufmann as Governor of Turkestan in 1882, but his bellicose plans for the Great Game with the British Empire resulted in his replacement two years later, when he was appointed a member of the council of war at St. Petersburg. In 1886 his opposition to the Central Asian Military railway caused him to be dismissed from the council. Chernyaev died in 1898 at his country estate in Mogilev Governorate.
Milan Obrenović (22 August 1854 - 11 February 1901) reigned as the prince of Serbia from 1868 to 1882 and subsequently as king from 1882 to 1889. Milan I unexpectedly abdicated in favor of his son, Alexander I of Serbia, in 1889. Milan Obrenović was born in 1854 in Mărăşeşti, Moldavia where his family had lived in exile ever since the 1842 return of the rival House of Karađorđević to the Serbian throne when they managed to depose Milan's cousin Prince Mihailo Obrenović III. On 6 March 1882, the Principality of Serbia was declared a kingdom and Milan was proclaimed King of Serbia. On 3 January 1889, Milan adopted a new constitution much more liberal than the existing one of 1869. Two months later, on 6 March, thirty-four-year-old Milan suddenly abdicated the throne, handing it over to his twelve-year-old son. No satisfactory reason was assigned for this step.
Paul Cézanne (19 January 1839 - 22 October 1906) was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work introduced new modes of representation and influenced avant-garde artistic movements of the early 20th century. Cézanne is said to have formed the bridge between late 19th-century Impressionism and the early 20th century's new line of artistic inquiry, Cubism.
Pavle Georgije Spirta was the progenitor of the well-known Spirta trading family in Zemun, who in 1853 received the noble title of the Austrian Empire from Emperor Franz Joseph I, for his services in suppressing the revolution in 1848 in the Austrian Empire. Pavle Georgije Spirta was one of the members of the Spirta family, from an old blacksmith's family that played a significant role in the economic and cultural life of Zemun during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Petar Marković (Zemun, September 25, 1869 - Zemun, December 12, 1952) was a Serbian painter, lawyer and mayor of Zemun. The old Marković family from Zemun is originally from Ruma. Petar Marković the Elder (after whom his grandson was named), a craftsman from Abadija, moved to Zemun in 1806, where he was admitted as a citizen in 1818. He bought a house in old Taurunska (now Lagumska) and continued to practice the abadji craft. The most common question that arises when studying the work of Petar Marković is where he studied and with whom he trained. His only real art teacher during his early education was Aleksandar Maić. He taught him between 1878 and 1886, but even at that time he was rated as "a better pedagogue than an artist".
Rastko Petrović (1898-1949) was a Serbian poet and writer. After serving in the Serbian Army in the First World War, he studied law in Paris and became a diplomat. Based at the Yugoslav embassy in Washington, D.C. during World War II, he remained in the United States after the war and died there in 1949. In 1986, after official recognition, his remains were brought to Belgrade.
Sava Jovanović Sirogojno (Trnava, Zlatibor, April 21, 1926 Mravijci, Povlen, May 1944), fighter-bomber of the Fourth Battalion of the Second Proletarian Strike Brigade and national hero of Yugoslavia. He was born on April 21, 1926 in the village of Trnavi, on Zlatibor, in the family of a poor farmer. He finished elementary school in the village of Sirogojno. As a child, he looked after the cattle of wealthier peasants, and in 1940 he came to Uice to look for work and got a job there with a baker. At the age of 15, Sava voluntarily joined the Partisans. He survived all combat trials during the harsh winter of 1941/42 and joined the Second Proletarian Brigade. By the end of 1942, Sava had become a famous bomber. Due to a series of bombing feats, Sava received a written commendation from the Headquarters of the Second Proletarian Division. Because of his war exploits, he was accepted into the membership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 1943, even though he was not old enough according to the Party's statute. Sava Jovanović Sirogojno was killed at the beginning of May 1944, during the penetration of the Second Proletarian Division into Serbia, when his battalion was assigned the task of destroying the stronghold of the Russian Protection Corps in the village of Mravinjci near the Povlen mountain.
Svetozar Miletic (22 February 1826 - 4 February 1901) was an ethnic Serb in Austria-Hungary, lawyer, mayor of Novi Sad. He was among the most prominent and influential Serbian politicians in Austria-Hungary from the second half of the 19th century. In 1866, he founded the political organization "Youth" in Novi Sad, and later he was the chairman of the Association for the Unification and Liberation of Serbia with headquarters in Cetinje.
Theodor Herzl (2 May 1860 - 3 July 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist and political activist who was the father of modern political Zionism. Herzl formed the Zionist Organization and promoted Jewish immigration to Palestine in an effort to form a Jewish state. Herzl was born in Pest, Kingdom of Hungary to a prosperous Neolog Jewish family. In 1897, Herzl convened the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, and was elected president of the Zionist Organization. At the Sixth Zionist Congress in 1903, Herzl presented the Uganda Scheme, endorsed by Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain on behalf of the British government. Although Herzl died before Israel's establishment, he is known in Hebrew as Chozeh HaMedinah ('Visionary of the State'). Herzl is specifically mentioned in the Israeli Declaration of Independence and is officially referred to as "the spiritual father of the Jewish State".
Vincent Willem van Gogh (Zundert, March 30, 1853 - Auvers-sur-Oise, July 29, 1890) was a Dutch painter. His work falls under post-impressionism, an art movement that succeeded nineteenth-century impressionism. Van Gogh's influence on Expressionism, Fauvism and early abstraction was enormous and can be seen in many other aspects of twentieth-century art. The Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam is dedicated to the work of Van Gogh and his contemporaries. The Kröller-Müller Museum houses the second largest Van Gogh collection in the world. Van Gogh is regarded as one of the greatest painters of the 19th century. However, this recognition came late: although he already had some fame in select art circles in the last years of his life, his work was not noticed by the general public until after his death, after which Van Gogh and his work became world famous.
The Bowl of Hygieia, is one of the symbols of pharmacology, and along with the Rod of Asclepius it is one of the most ancient and important symbols related to medicine in western countries. Hygieia was the Greek goddess of health, hygiene, cleanliness, and sanitation, and the daughter of Asclepius, who she is often closely associated with e.g. in prayers and hymns. Asclepius' symbol is his rod, with a snake twined around it; correspondingly, Hygieia's symbol is a cup or chalice with a snake twined around its stem. Hygieia was also invoked, along with her father Asclepius, and Panacea in the original Hippocratic Oath.
Hephaestus is the Greek god of blacksmiths, metalworking, carpenters, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metallurgy, fire, and volcanoes. Hephaestus's Roman counterpart is Vulcan. In Greek mythology, Hephaestus was either the son of Zeus and Hera or he was Hera's parthenogenous child. He was cast off Mount Olympus by his mother Hera because of his lameness, the result of a congenital impairment; or in another account, by Zeus for protecting Hera from his advances. As a smithing god, Hephaestus made all the weapons of the gods in Olympus. He served as the blacksmith of the gods and was worshipped in the manufacturing and industrial centers of Greece, particularly Athens.
In ancient Greek religion, Hera is the goddess of marriage, women, and family, and the protector of women in childbirth. In Greek mythology, she is the queen of the twelve Olympians and Mount Olympus, sister and wife of Zeus, and daughter of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. One of her defining characteristics in myth is her jealous and vengeful nature in dealing with any who offend her, especially Zeus' numerous adulterous lovers and illegitimate offspring.
Hermes is an Olympian deity in ancient Greek religion and mythology. Hermes is considered the herald of the gods. He is also considered the protector of human heralds, travellers, thieves, merchants, and orators. He is able to move quickly and freely between the worlds of the mortal and the divine, aided by his winged sandals. Hermes plays the role of the psychopomp or "soul guide"a conductor of souls into the afterlife.
When Rhea gave birth to Zeus, she put him in a cave, located at Mount Ida on the island of Crete. In this way, his father Cronus would be unable to find him and swallow him, which he had done with his previous children. There, it was the goat Amalthea that nourished Zeus with her milk until he was grown up. One day, as young Zeus played with Amalthea, he accidentally broke off her horn. To make up for it and as a sign of gratitude, Zeus blessed the broken horn, so that its owner would find everything they desired in it.
In Greek mythology, Perseus is the legendary founder of the Perseid dynasty. He was, alongside Cadmus and Bellerophon, the greatest Greek hero and slayer of monsters before the days of Heracles. He beheaded the Gorgon Medusa for Polydectes and saved Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus. He was the son of Zeus and the mortal Danaë, as well as the half-brother and great-grandfather of Heracles (as they were both children of Zeus and Heracles' mother was descended from Perseus).
Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus. His name is cognate with the first element of his Roman equivalent Jupiter. His mythology and powers are similar, though not identical, to those of Indo-European deities such as Jupiter, Perkűnas, Perun, Indra, and Dyaus. Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, the youngest of his siblings to be born, though sometimes reckoned the eldest as the others required disgorging from Cronus's stomach. In most traditions, he is married to Hera.
Belgrade was bombed by British and American air forces on 16 and 17 April 1944, which was Orthodox Easter Day. The largest unit that took part was the American 15th Air Force, based in Foggia in the south of Italy. This carpet bombing raid was executed by 600 aircraft flying at high altitude. Civilian casualties were as many as 1,160, while German military losses were 18, or some 1,200 killed in total. 5,000 people were wounded.
The Aromanians are an ethnic group native to the southern Balkans who speak Aromanian, an Eastern Romance language. They traditionally live in central and southern Albania, south-western Bulgaria, northern and central Greece, and North Macedonia, and can currently be found in central and southern Albania, south-western Bulgaria, south-western North Macedonia, northern and central Greece, southern Serbia, and south-eastern Romania (Northern Dobruja). An Aromanian diaspora living outside these places also exists. The Aromanians are known by several other names, such as "Vlachs" or "Macedo-Romanians" (sometimes used to also refer to the Megleno-Romanians).
The OttomanHabsburg Wars, also called the Austro-Ottoman Wars, were fought from the 16th through the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, which was at times supported by the Kingdom of Hungary, PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, and Habsburg Spain. The wars were dominated by land campaigns in Hungary, including Transylvania (today in Romania) and Vojvodina (today in Serbia), Croatia, and central Serbia.
The Franciscan Monastery of Saint John the Baptist and Anthony is located on the corner of trosmajerova and Svetosavska streets in Zemun and today it is one of two Franciscan monasteries on the territory of Belgrade. The Zemun monastery belongs to the Croatian province of Cyril and Methodius, and the other one, located on the Church of the Cross, belongs to the Franciscan province of Bosna Srebrena.
The First Serbian Uprising was an uprising of Serbs in Oraac against the Ottoman Empire from 14 February 1804 to 7 October 1813. Initially, a local revolt against renegade janissaries who had seized power through a coup, it evolved into a war for independence (the Serbian Revolution) after more than three centuries of Ottoman rule and short-lasting Austrian occupations.
The First World War began on July 28, 1914, and lasted until November 11, 1918. It was a global war and lasted exactly 4 years, 3 months, and 2 weeks. Most of the fighting was in continental Europe. Soldiers from many countries took part, and it changed the colonial empires of the European powers. Before World War II began in 1939, World War I was called the Great War, or the World War. Other names are the Imperialist War and the Four Years' War. There were 135 countries that took part in the First World War, and nearly 10 million people died while fighting. Before the war, European countries had formed alliances to protect themselves. However, that made them divide themselves into two groups. When Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated on June 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and declared war on it. Russia then declared war on Austria-Hungary, which set off a chain of events in which members from both groups of countries declared war on each other.
The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 or fully Hungarian Civic Revolution and War of Independence of 1848 - 1849 was one of many European Revolutions of 1848 and was closely linked to other revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas. Although the revolution failed, it is one of the most significant events in Hungary's modern history, forming the cornerstone of the modern Hungarian national identity. In April 1848, Hungary became the third country in Continental Europe after France (1791), and Belgium (1831) to enact laws about democratic parliamentary elections. It thereafter set up a representative type of parliament which replaced the old feudal estatebased parliamentary system.
The Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire was the tenth in a series of Russo-Turkish wars. An important part of the aggravation and resolution of the Eastern Question in 1875-1878. The reason for the war was the Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1875), the April Uprising in Bulgaria (1876) and the Serbo-Turkish War (1876). Participants are the Ottoman Empire against Russia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro. The war was perceived and called Liberation, as it led to the liberation of some Bulgarians from Ottoman rule and the creation of the Third Bulgarian State. The attitude towards it is similar in Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, which are gaining full independence.
The Second World War was a global war that involved fighting in most of the world. Most countries fought from 1939 to 1945, but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died, most of whom were civilians. The war included massacres, a genocide called the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.
The Serbian Home is a building that, due to its location, scale, and style, represents one of the most representative buildings in Sremska Mitrovica, it represents an immovable cultural asset as a cultural monument. The building was built in 1895 by the Serbian Orthodox Church Municipality in Mitrovica, according to the project of Vladimir Nikolić, the court architect of Patriarch Georgi Branković. The construction part was carried out by Zemun builder Franja Jenč. The building is designed with Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque elements. Various institutions were housed in the Serbian Home, first of all the Serbian Citizen's Reading Room and the Serbian Church Singing Society, then there was also an association of artisans, a tavern and a hotel.
The Serbian Revolution of 1848/1849 and the Serb People's Movement of 1848/1849, took place in what is today Vojvodina, Serbia, and was part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire. During the Hungarian Revolution, Hungarians achieved significant military successes but were defeated after Russian intervention. Serbs led fierce battles against the Hungarians for autonomy or merge with the help of volunteers from the Principality of Serbia. The outcome of the uprising was the establishment of Serbian Vojvodina, a special autonomous region under the Austrian crown. However, the Voivodeship failed certain expectations that Serbian patriots had expressed at the May Assembly. Serbs did not constitute an absolute majority of the population, while the administration was largely in the hands of German officials and officers. The Voivodeship was abolished in 1860, however, some rights were kept by the Serb community. The Serbian Patriarchate was renewed, while the uprising had increased national awareness of the Serb people north of the Sava and Danube in the struggle for freedom.
The Serbo-Ottoman Wars, also known as the Serbian-Turkish Wars or Serbian Wars for Independence, were two consequent wars (1876 - 1877 and 1877 - 1878), fought between the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. In conjunction with the Principality of Montenegro, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 30 June 1876. By the intervention of major European powers, a ceasefire was concluded in autumn, and the Constantinople Conference was organized. Peace was signed on 28 February 1877 on the basis of status quo ante bellum. After a brief period of formal peace, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 11 December 1877. Renewed hostilities lasted until February 1878. Final outcome of wars was decided by the Congress of Berlin (1878). Serbia gained international recognition as an independent state, and its territory was expanded.
The Church of the Birth of the Virgin Mary (known also as The Church of the Holy Virgin) is a Serbian Orthodox Church located in the center of the Zemun district in Belgrade. The cornerstone for a new Orthodox church was laid in the summer of 1776 at the western part of the old core of Zemun developed at the beginning of the eighteenth century, whose construction was financed by Serbian and Greek residents of Zemun. The church was completed in 1780. The church is a one-nave late Baroque building with a semicircular apse and shallow choirs, which received a high bell tower on the west side in the late eighteenth century which was only slightly lower than the tower of the nearby church of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Vojvodina is a region in the north of Serbia, it includes the northern part of Serbia and has the Sava and Danube as its southern border with the rest of Serbia. Furthermore, the area borders on Croatia, Hungary and Romania. It is the only part of Serbia that does not belong geographically to the Balkans but to the Pannonian Plain. The area is mostly flat and is known as the breadbasket of Serbia. The region has a relatively large number of cities. An important industrial city is Novi Sad, which is the capital of the area and the second largest city in the country. Other larger towns are Subotica, Zrenjanin and Pančevo.
