Balconet or balconette is an architectural term to describe a false balcony, or railing at the outer plane of a window-opening reaching to the floor, and having, when the window is open, the appearance of a balcony.
A baluster is a vertical moulded shaft, square, or lathe-turned form found in stairways, parapets, and other architectural features. In furniture construction it is known as a spindle. Common materials used in its construction are wood, stone, and less frequently metal and ceramic. A group of balusters supporting a handrail, coping, or ornamental detail are known as a balustrade.
Bargeboard is a board fastened to the projecting gables of a roof to give them strength, protection, and to conceal the otherwise exposed end of the horizontal timbers or purlins of the roof to which they were attached. Bargeboards are sometimes moulded only or carved, but as a rule the lower edges were cusped and had tracery in the spandrels besides being otherwise elaborated.
In architecture, a corbel is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight, a type of bracket. A corbel is a solid piece of material in the wall, whereas a console is a piece applied to the structure.
Cresting, in architecture, is ornamentation attached to the ridge of a roof, cornice, coping or parapet, usually made of a metal such as iron or copper. Cresting is associated with Second Empire architecture, where such decoration stands out against the sharp lines of the mansard roof. It became popular in the late 19th century, with mass-produced sheet metal cresting patterns available by the 1890s.
A finial or hip knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature. In architecture, it is a small decorative device, employed to emphasize the apex of a dome, spire, tower, roof, gable, or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure.
A keystone is a wedge-shaped stone at the apex of a masonry arch or typically a round-shaped one at the apex of a vault. In both cases it is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch or vault to bear weight. In arches and vaults, keystones are often enlarged beyond the structural requirements and decorated. A variant in domes and crowning vaults is a lantern.
Lambrequin - an ornamental element in the form of a figured festoon, a ledge with a rounding at the bottom. A row of lambrequins forms a jagged edge. Such an ornament originated from the medieval custom of decorating the edge of the fabric, the veil with curly ledges, sometimes with tassels, pendants. Lambrequins were used in the design of tents for knightly tournaments, blankets for war horses. Hence the use of the term in heraldry. Then such a motif began to be repeated in wood carving and metal chasing.
A loggia is a covered exterior corridor or porch that is part of the ground floor or can be elevated on another level. The roof is supported by columns or arches and the outer side is open to the elements.
A pediment is an architectural element found particularly in Classical, Neoclassical and Baroque architecture, and its derivatives, consisting of a gable, usually of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel, or entablature, if supported by columns. The tympanum, the triangular area within the pediment, is often decorated with relief sculpture. A pediment is sometimes the top element of a portico. For symmetric designs, it provides a center point and is often used to add grandness to entrances.
A sunroom, also frequently called a solarium, is a room that permits abundant daylight and views of the landscape while sheltering from adverse weather. Solaria of various forms have been erected throughout European history.
In architecture, a turret is a small tower that projects vertically from the wall of a building such as a medieval castle. Turrets were used to provide a projecting defensive position allowing covering fire to the adjacent wall in the days of military fortification. As their military use faded, turrets were used for decorative purposes.
A volute is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column. It was later incorporated into Corinthian order and Composite column capitals. The word derives from the Latin voluta ("scroll").
Elena is a Bulgarian town in the central Stara Planina mountain in Veliko Tarnovo Province. Elena is an old settlement founded before the 15th century. During the 18th and 19th century it established itself as a center for crafts, trade and education. There are several architectural ensembles preserved dating back to the Bulgarian National Revival and comprising about 130 old houses. There are also wall-to-wall construction forms and interesting street silhouettes. The houses have stone basements with white-washed or wooden walls of the upper floor with protruding bays above.
Gabrovo is a town in central Bulgaria, the administrative and economic center of the eponymous municipality of Gabrovo and Gabrovo district. It is located along the Yantra River at the northern foot of the Shipka part of the Balkan Mountains. In close proximity to it, in the area of Uzana, is the geographical center of Bulgaria. The people of Gabrovo are known for their love of humor, for their annual humorous carnival of humor and satire, for their mechanical engineering, and for their numerous monuments and bridges and long streets. Gabrovo is the longest town in Bulgaria with its 25 km from Yabalka district to Smirnenski dam.
Karlovo is a historically important town in central Bulgaria located in a fertile valley along the river Stryama at the southern foot of the Balkan Mountains. Karlovo is famous for the worldwide-known rose oil, which is grown there and used in producing perfume. In addition to this, Karlovo is the birthplace of Vasil Levski, the most distinguished Bulgarian to start preparing the national liberation from the Ottoman rule in the late 19th century. On 19 August 2005, some archaeologists announced they had found the first Thracian capital, which was situated near Karlovo in Bulgaria.
Kirklareli is a city within Kırklareli Province in the European part of Turkey. It is not clearly known when the city was founded, nor under what name. The Byzantine Greeks called it Sarŕnta Ekklisičs (meaning forty churches). In modern Greek, it is known by the same name, too. In the 14th century, this was translated to Turkish and called "Kırk Kilise". Following the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, sanjaks became cities and on December 20, 1924, Kırk Kilise's name was changed to Kırklareli, meaning The Place of the Forties. The denomination Kırklareli was already used years before 1924, for example in the contemporary literature concerning the Balkan Wars of 191213. The Bulgarian name of the town is Lňzengrad which means Vineyard Town.
Mykolaiv, also known as Nikolaev or Nikolayev, is a city and municipality in southern Ukraine, the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast. Mykolaiv is arguably the main shipbuilding center of the Black Sea. Aside from three shipyards within the city, there are a number of research centers specializing in shipbuilding such as the State Research and Design Shipbuilding Center, Zoria-Mashproekt and others. The city's founding was made possible by the Russian conquests during the Second Russo-Turkish War of 17871792. Founded by Prince Grigory Potemkin, Mykolaiv was the last of the many cities he established.
Odessa is a port city in Ukraine on the Black Sea. Odessa is located on the hills surrounding a small harbor. It is the largest city on the Black Sea. In 1794, the city of Odessa was founded by a decree of the Russian empress Catherine the Great. From 1819 to 1858, Odessa was a free porta porto-Franco. During the Soviet period, it was the most important port of trade in the Soviet Union and a Soviet naval base.
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe`s major centers of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, science, and arts. Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine whose crest includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city.
Prague is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia and is situated on the Vltava river. Prague is home to a number of well-known cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe. Main attractions include Prague Castle, Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, the Jewish Quarter, Petřín hill and Vyehrad. Since 1992, the extensive historic center of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city has more than ten major museums, along with numerous theaters, galleries, cinemas, and other historical exhibits. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city. It is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe.
Samokov is a town in Sofia Province in the southwest of Bulgaria. It is situated in a basin between the mountains Rila and Vitosha. Due to the suitable winter sports conditions, Samokov, together with the nearby resort Borovets, is a major tourist center. In the past, Samokov was a center of handicrafts and art, with notable figures like Zahari Zograf, Hristo Dimitrov and Nikola Obrazopisov. It is thought that Samokov was founded in the 14th century as a mining settlement with the assistance of Saxon miners.
Sofia is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. It was known as Serdica in Antiquity and Sredets in the Middle Ages, Sofia has been an area of human habitation since at least 7000 BC. The name Sofia comes from the Saint Sofia Church, as opposed to the prevailing Slavic origin of Bulgarian cities and towns. Sofia's development as a significant settlement owes much to its central position in the Balkans. It is situated in western Bulgaria, at the northern foot of the Vitosha mountain, in the Sofia Valley that is surrounded by the Balkan mountains to the north.
Tran is a small town in Tran Municipality, Pernik Province, western Bulgaria. Tran is located in a mountainous region, close to the border with Serbia and to the nearby towns Breznik and Dragoman. It is located on the banks of the river Erma, in the easternmost part of the high mountain valley Znepole. Once here Thracians, Goths, Slavs lived here successively. The Goths are from the Heruli tribe and settled for the purpose of mining. The Slavic settlement was quite massive, as evidenced by the almost one hundred percent Slavic name system of the topographic areas in Tran region.
Turin is a city and an important business and cultural center in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is mainly on the western bank of the Po River, below its Susa Valley, and is surrounded by the western Alpine arch and Superga Hill.
Vienna is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, and its cultural, economic, and political center. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.
Aleksandar Pavlov Malinov (3 May 1867 - 20 March 1938) was a leading Bulgarian politician who served as Prime Minister on three occasions. He was born in Pandakli, Bessarabia (present-day Orihivka, Ukraine) in a family of Bessarabian Bulgarians. Malinov was known for his support for close ties to Russia and he pursued this policy during his first ministry of 1908-1911.
Aleksandar Stoimenov Stamboliyski (1 March 1879 - 14 June 1923) was the prime minister of Bulgaria from 1919 until 1923. Stamboliyski was a member of the Agrarian Union, an agrarian peasant movement that was not allied to the monarchy, and edited their newspaper. He opposed the country's participation in World War I and its support for the Central Powers. In the 9 June 1923 coup, Stamboliyski was taken prisoner in his native village of Slavovitsa, where he was relocated following the coup détat. From his native village, Stamboliyski was organizing a counter-insurgence that was large in number but weak in arms. He was brutally tortured and murdered by the IMRO.
Nayden Gerov Dobrevich is a Bulgarian writer, linguist, teacher and public figure. He is the author of "Dictionary of the Bulgarian language with glossary words in Bulgarian and Russian" (18951904). He studied at a Greek school in Plovdiv and under Neofit Rilski, at whose insistence he went to Odessa, where he graduated from the Richelieu Lyceum (1845). Accepted Russian vassalage, returned to Koprivshtitsa, where he taught in the two-grade school "Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius" he opened (18461850). He took an active part in the fight against the Phanariot clergy. He publishes articles in the periodical press in defense of Bulgarian national interests. During the Crimean War of 18531856, he supported the national liberation movement and took care of the educational work. Vice-consul of Russia in Plovdiv (1857). During the April Uprising of 1876, he developed activities in defense of the Bulgarian people.
Yulia Malinova, born Jakovlevna Scheider, was a Bulgarian suffragist and women's rights activist. She was co-founder of the Bulgarian Women's Union, and served as its chairperson twice, from 1908 until 1910, and from 1912 to 1926. Malinova was born in 1869, a Russian Jew, educated in France and Switzerland before moving to Bulgaria upon her conversion and marriage to lawyer Alexander Malinov, later prime minister of Bulgaria. In 1899, she edited the paper "Female Voice" with the teacher, socialist, and writer Anna Karima, spouse of the socialist Yanko Sakazov, and in 1901, they co-founded the Bulgarian Women's Union with Karima as its first chairperson. In 1908, she succeeded as chairperson and made the Bulgarian Women's Union part of the International Council of Women. During her tenure, she secured the policy of the union as a society for all classes and political convictions and organized wives of soldiers during the war.
The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan states' combined armies overcame the initially numerically inferior (significantly superior by the end of the conflict) and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies and achieved rapid success. The war was a comprehensive and unmitigated disaster for the Ottomans, who lost 83% of their European territories and 69% of their European population. As a result of the war, the League captured and partitioned almost all of the Ottoman Empire's remaining territories in Europe.
The First World War began on July 28, 1914, and lasted until November 11, 1918. It was a global war and lasted exactly 4 years, 3 months, and 2 weeks. Most of the fighting was in continental Europe. Soldiers from many countries took part, and it changed the colonial empires of the European powers. Before World War II began in 1939, World War I was called the Great War, or the World War. Other names are the Imperialist War and the Four Years' War. There were 135 countries that took part in the First World War, and nearly 10 million people died while fighting. Before the war, European countries had formed alliances to protect themselves. However, that made them divide themselves into two groups. When Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated on June 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and declared war on it. Russia then declared war on Austria-Hungary, which set off a chain of events in which members from both groups of countries declared war on each other.
The 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état, also known as the 9 September coup d'état, was the forcible change of the government of Kingdom of Bulgaria carried out on the eve of 9 September 1944. In Communist Bulgaria it was called People's Uprising of 9 September - on the grounds of the broad unrest, and Socialist Revolution - as it was a turning point politically and the beginning of radical reforms towards socialism.
The Second Balkan War, also called the Inter-Allied War, was a conflict that broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 June 1913. Serbian and Greek armies repulsed the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked, entering Bulgaria. With Bulgaria also having previously engaged in territorial disputes with Romania and the bulk of Bulgarian forces engaged in the south, the prospect of an easy victory incited Romanian intervention against Bulgaria. The Ottoman Empire also took advantage of the situation to regain some lost territories from the previous war. When Romanian troops approached the capital Sofia, Bulgaria asked for an armistice, resulting in the Treaty of Bucharest, in which Bulgaria had to cede portions of its First Balkan War gains to Serbia, Greece and Romania. In the Treaty of Constantinople, it lost Adrianople to the Ottomans.
The Serbo-Bulgarian War was a war between the Kingdom of Serbia and Principality of Bulgaria that erupted on 14 November 1885 and lasted until 28 November 1885. Despite Bulgaria being a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, the Turks did not intervene in the war. Serbia took the initiative in starting the war but was decisively defeated. Austria demanded Bulgaria stop its invasion, and a truce resulted. Final peace was signed on 3 March 1886 in Bucharest. The old boundaries were not changed. As a result of the war, European powers acknowledged the act of Unification of Bulgaria which happened on 18 September 1885.
Niš is the third largest city in Serbia and the administrative center of the Nišava District and is located in the southern part of Serbia. Several Roman emperors were born in Niš or used it as a residence among which are Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor and the founder of Constantinople, Constantius III, Constans, Vetranio, Julian, Valentinian I, Valens, and Justin I. Emperor Claudius Gothicus decisively defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. After about 400 years of Ottoman rule, the city was liberated in 1878 and became part of the Principality of Serbia, though not without great bloodshed-remnants of which can be found throughout the city.
Hristo Markov Tantilov is a Bulgarian orthopedic surgeon and public figure. He was born in 1871 in Karlovo. His father - Marko (Mathew) Penchev Tantilov is a Karlovy Vary teacher and folk revivalist. His brother is the officer Petar Tantilov. Graduated in medicine in Montpellier, France. The topic of his doctoral thesis is "Contribution to the study of the injection of large volumes of saline solution in the treatment of infections and intoxications". In 1905 he specialized in orthopedics in Vienna, and in 1910 in Berlin. He participated in the First World War as a reserve sanitary lieutenant, head of the 2nd stage hospital. For honors and merits during the second period of the war, he was awarded the Order "For Military Merit", IV degree. He works as a resident of Dr. Asen M. Petrov in the Surgical Department (First Surgery) of Aleksandrovsk Hospital, head of the Surgical Department at the Sofia Divisional Hospital, head of the Surgical-Orthopedic Department at Aleksandrovsk Hospital. Member and secretary of the Higher Medical Council, vice-chairman of the Sofia medical branch of the "Society to Fight Tuberculosis" and others. He died in 1944.
Marko Penchev Tantilov was born on April 8, 1830, who became a prominent and well-deserved Karlovian teacher and public figure, he left a mark with his activities not only in the development of the school, but also of the community center. Together with the other members of the Scholarly Society, he laid the foundations of a social library and reading room. The pinnacle of his educational work was the construction of the two-story school building in 1870, which today houses the History Museum in Karlovo.
Pushkin is a municipal town in Pushkinsky District of the federal city of Saint Petersburg, Russia. Pushkin was founded in 1710 as an imperial residence named Tsarskoye Selo and received the status of a town in 1808. The first public railways in Russia, Tsarskoye Selo Railways, were opened here in 1837 and connected the town to the capital, Saint Petersburg. After the October Revolution, the town was renamed to Detskoye Selo. Its name was further changed in 1937 to Pushkin to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. The town contains an ensemble of the 18th-century Tsarskoye Selo. This museum complex includes the Catherine Palace, Alexander Palace, and other buildings and associated parks; it is a major tourist attraction in the area and is included in the list of monuments protected by UNESCO.
